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+ <h4 class="subsection">The Default Value of a Buffer-Local Variable</h4>  <p>The global value of a variable with buffer-local bindings is also called the <em>default</em> value, because it is the value that is in effect whenever neither the current buffer nor the selected frame has its own binding for the variable. </p> <p>The functions <code>default-value</code> and <code>setq-default</code> access and change a variable’s default value regardless of whether the current buffer has a buffer-local binding. For example, you could use <code>setq-default</code> to change the default setting of <code>paragraph-start</code> for most buffers; and this would work even when you are in a C or Lisp mode buffer that has a buffer-local value for this variable. </p> <p>The special forms <code>defvar</code> and <code>defconst</code> also set the default value (if they set the variable at all), rather than any buffer-local value. </p> <dl> <dt id="default-value">Function: <strong>default-value</strong> <em>symbol</em>
+</dt> <dd><p>This function returns <var>symbol</var>’s default value. This is the value that is seen in buffers and frames that do not have their own values for this variable. If <var>symbol</var> is not buffer-local, this is equivalent to <code>symbol-value</code> (see <a href="accessing-variables">Accessing Variables</a>). </p></dd>
+</dl> <dl> <dt id="default-boundp">Function: <strong>default-boundp</strong> <em>symbol</em>
+</dt> <dd>
+<p>The function <code>default-boundp</code> tells you whether <var>symbol</var>’s default value is nonvoid. If <code>(default-boundp 'foo)</code> returns <code>nil</code>, then <code>(default-value 'foo)</code> would get an error. </p> <p><code>default-boundp</code> is to <code>default-value</code> as <code>boundp</code> is to <code>symbol-value</code>. </p>
+</dd>
+</dl> <dl> <dt id="setq-default">Special Form: <strong>setq-default</strong> <em>[symbol form]…</em>
+</dt> <dd>
+<p>This special form gives each <var>symbol</var> a new default value, which is the result of evaluating the corresponding <var>form</var>. It does not evaluate <var>symbol</var>, but does evaluate <var>form</var>. The value of the <code>setq-default</code> form is the value of the last <var>form</var>. </p> <p>If a <var>symbol</var> is not buffer-local for the current buffer, and is not marked automatically buffer-local, <code>setq-default</code> has the same effect as <code>setq</code>. If <var>symbol</var> is buffer-local for the current buffer, then this changes the value that other buffers will see (as long as they don’t have a buffer-local value), but not the value that the current buffer sees. </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">;; <span class="roman">In buffer ‘<samp>foo</samp>’:</span>
+(make-local-variable 'buffer-local)
+     ⇒ buffer-local
+</pre>
+<pre class="example">(setq buffer-local 'value-in-foo)
+     ⇒ value-in-foo
+</pre>
+<pre class="example">(setq-default buffer-local 'new-default)
+     ⇒ new-default
+</pre>
+<pre class="example">buffer-local
+     ⇒ value-in-foo
+</pre>
+<pre class="example">(default-value 'buffer-local)
+     ⇒ new-default
+</pre>
+
+<pre class="example">;; <span class="roman">In (the new) buffer ‘<samp>bar</samp>’:</span>
+buffer-local
+     ⇒ new-default
+</pre>
+<pre class="example">(default-value 'buffer-local)
+     ⇒ new-default
+</pre>
+<pre class="example">(setq buffer-local 'another-default)
+     ⇒ another-default
+</pre>
+<pre class="example">(default-value 'buffer-local)
+     ⇒ another-default
+</pre>
+
+<pre class="example">;; <span class="roman">Back in buffer ‘<samp>foo</samp>’:</span>
+buffer-local
+     ⇒ value-in-foo
+(default-value 'buffer-local)
+     ⇒ another-default
+</pre>
+</div> </dd>
+</dl> <dl> <dt id="set-default">Function: <strong>set-default</strong> <em>symbol value</em>
+</dt> <dd>
+<p>This function is like <code>setq-default</code>, except that <var>symbol</var> is an ordinary evaluated argument. </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">(set-default (car '(a b c)) 23)
+     ⇒ 23
+</pre>
+<pre class="example">(default-value 'a)
+     ⇒ 23
+</pre>
+</div> </dd>
+</dl> <p>A variable can be let-bound (see <a href="local-variables">Local Variables</a>) to a value. This makes its global value shadowed by the binding; <code>default-value</code> will then return the value from that binding, not the global value, and <code>set-default</code> will be prevented from setting the global value (it will change the let-bound value instead). The following two functions allow to reference the global value even if it’s shadowed by a let-binding. </p>  <dl> <dt id="default-toplevel-value">Function: <strong>default-toplevel-value</strong> <em>symbol</em>
+</dt> <dd><p>This function returns the <em>top-level</em> default value of <var>symbol</var>, which is its value outside of any let-binding. </p></dd>
+</dl> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">(defvar variable 'global-value)
+    ⇒ variable
+</pre>
+<pre class="example">(let ((variable 'let-binding))
+  (default-value 'variable))
+    ⇒ let-binding
+</pre>
+<pre class="example">(let ((variable 'let-binding))
+  (default-toplevel-value 'variable))
+    ⇒ global-value
+</pre>
+</div> <dl> <dt id="set-default-toplevel-value">Function: <strong>set-default-toplevel-value</strong> <em>symbol value</em>
+</dt> <dd><p>This function sets the top-level default value of <var>symbol</var> to the specified <var>value</var>. This comes in handy when you want to set the global value of <var>symbol</var> regardless of whether your code runs in the context of <var>symbol</var>’s let-binding. </p></dd>
+</dl><div class="_attribution">
+  <p class="_attribution-p">
+    Copyright &copy; 1990-1996, 1998-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <br>Licensed under the GNU GPL license.<br>
+    <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Default-Value.html" class="_attribution-link">https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Default-Value.html</a>
+  </p>
+</div>