path: root/devdocs/python~3.12/library%2Findex.html

 <span id="library-index"></span><h1>The Python Standard Library</h1> <p>While <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/index#reference-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Language Reference</span></a> describes the exact syntax and semantics of the Python language, this library reference manual describes the standard library that is distributed with Python. It also describes some of the optional components that are commonly included in Python distributions.</p> <p>Python’s standard library is very extensive, offering a wide range of facilities as indicated by the long table of contents listed below. The library contains built-in modules (written in C) that provide access to system functionality such as file I/O that would otherwise be inaccessible to Python programmers, as well as modules written in Python that provide standardized solutions for many problems that occur in everyday programming. Some of these modules are explicitly designed to encourage and enhance the portability of Python programs by abstracting away platform-specifics into platform-neutral APIs.</p> <p>The Python installers for the Windows platform usually include the entire standard library and often also include many additional components. For Unix-like operating systems Python is normally provided as a collection of packages, so it may be necessary to use the packaging tools provided with the operating system to obtain some or all of the optional components.</p> <p>In addition to the standard library, there is an active collection of hundreds of thousands of components (from individual programs and modules to packages and entire application development frameworks), available from the <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org">Python Package Index</a>.</p>  <ul> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/intro.html">Introduction</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/intro.html#notes-on-availability">Notes on availability</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="functions">Built-in Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="constants">Built-in Constants</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="constants#constants-added-by-the-site-module">Constants added by the <code>site</code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes">Built-in Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes#truth-value-testing">Truth Value Testing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes#boolean-operations-and-or-not">Boolean Operations — <code>and</code>, <code>or</code>, <code>not</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes#comparisons">Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes#numeric-types-int-float-complex">Numeric Types — <code>int</code>, <code>float</code>, <code>complex</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes#boolean-type-bool">Boolean Type - <code>bool</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes#iterator-types">Iterator Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes#sequence-types-list-tuple-range">Sequence Types — <code>list</code>, <code>tuple</code>, <code>range</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes#text-sequence-type-str">Text Sequence Type — <code>str</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes#binary-sequence-types-bytes-bytearray-memoryview">Binary Sequence Types — <code>bytes</code>, <code>bytearray</code>, <code>memoryview</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes#set-types-set-frozenset">Set Types — <code>set</code>, <code>frozenset</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes#mapping-types-dict">Mapping Types — <code>dict</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes#context-manager-types">Context Manager Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes#type-annotation-types-generic-alias-union">Type Annotation Types — <span class="xref std std-ref">Generic Alias</span>, <span class="xref std std-ref">Union</span></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes#other-built-in-types">Other Built-in Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes#special-attributes">Special Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes#integer-string-conversion-length-limitation">Integer string conversion length limitation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions">Built-in Exceptions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions#exception-context">Exception context</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions#inheriting-from-built-in-exceptions">Inheriting from built-in exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions#base-classes">Base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions#concrete-exceptions">Concrete exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions#warnings">Warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions#exception-groups">Exception groups</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions#exception-hierarchy">Exception hierarchy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="text">Text Processing Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string"><code>string</code> — Common string operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="re"><code>re</code> — Regular expression operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="difflib"><code>difflib</code> — Helpers for computing deltas</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="textwrap"><code>textwrap</code> — Text wrapping and filling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unicodedata"><code>unicodedata</code> — Unicode Database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stringprep"><code>stringprep</code> — Internet String Preparation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline"><code>readline</code> — GNU readline interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="rlcompleter"><code>rlcompleter</code> — Completion function for GNU readline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="binary">Binary Data Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="struct"><code>struct</code> — Interpret bytes as packed binary data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codecs"><code>codecs</code> — Codec registry and base classes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="datatypes">Data Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datetime"><code>datetime</code> — Basic date and time types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zoneinfo"><code>zoneinfo</code> — IANA time zone support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar"><code>calendar</code> — General calendar-related functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections"><code>collections</code> — Container datatypes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.abc"><code>collections.abc</code> — Abstract Base Classes for Containers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="heapq"><code>heapq</code> — Heap queue algorithm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bisect"><code>bisect</code> — Array bisection algorithm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array"><code>array</code> — Efficient arrays of numeric values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="weakref"><code>weakref</code> — Weak references</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types"><code>types</code> — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="copy"><code>copy</code> — Shallow and deep copy operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pprint"><code>pprint</code> — Data pretty printer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reprlib"><code>reprlib</code> — Alternate <code>repr()</code> implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum"><code>enum</code> — Support for enumerations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="graphlib"><code>graphlib</code> — Functionality to operate with graph-like structures</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="numeric">Numeric and Mathematical Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="numbers"><code>numbers</code> — Numeric abstract base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="math"><code>math</code> — Mathematical functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmath"><code>cmath</code> — Mathematical functions for complex numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal"><code>decimal</code> — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fractions"><code>fractions</code> — Rational numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="random"><code>random</code> — Generate pseudo-random numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="statistics"><code>statistics</code> — Mathematical statistics functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="functional">Functional Programming Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="itertools"><code>itertools</code> — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functools"><code>functools</code> — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="operator"><code>operator</code> — Standard operators as functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="filesys">File and Directory Access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pathlib"><code>pathlib</code> — Object-oriented filesystem paths</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.path"><code>os.path</code> — Common pathname manipulations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fileinput"><code>fileinput</code> — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stat"><code>stat</code> — Interpreting <code>stat()</code> results</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="filecmp"><code>filecmp</code> — File and Directory Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tempfile"><code>tempfile</code> — Generate temporary files and directories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="glob"><code>glob</code> — Unix style pathname pattern expansion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fnmatch"><code>fnmatch</code> — Unix filename pattern matching</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="linecache"><code>linecache</code> — Random access to text lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shutil"><code>shutil</code> — High-level file operations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="persistence">Data Persistence</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pickle"><code>pickle</code> — Python object serialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="copyreg"><code>copyreg</code> — Register <code>pickle</code> support functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shelve"><code>shelve</code> — Python object persistence</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="marshal"><code>marshal</code> — Internal Python object serialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dbm"><code>dbm</code> — Interfaces to Unix “databases”</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sqlite3"><code>sqlite3</code> — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="archiving">Data Compression and Archiving</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zlib"><code>zlib</code> — Compression compatible with <strong class="program">gzip</strong></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gzip"><code>gzip</code> — Support for <strong class="program">gzip</strong> files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bz2"><code>bz2</code> — Support for <strong class="program">bzip2</strong> compression</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="lzma"><code>lzma</code> — Compression using the LZMA algorithm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipfile"><code>zipfile</code> — Work with ZIP archives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tarfile"><code>tarfile</code> — Read and write tar archive files</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="fileformats">File Formats</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="csv"><code>csv</code> — CSV File Reading and Writing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configparser"><code>configparser</code> — Configuration file parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tomllib"><code>tomllib</code> — Parse TOML files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="netrc"><code>netrc</code> — netrc file processing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="plistlib"><code>plistlib</code> — Generate and parse Apple <code>.plist</code> files</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="crypto">Cryptographic Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hashlib"><code>hashlib</code> — Secure hashes and message digests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hmac"><code>hmac</code> — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="secrets"><code>secrets</code> — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="allos">Generic Operating System Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os"><code>os</code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io"><code>io</code> — Core tools for working with streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time"><code>time</code> — Time access and conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse"><code>argparse</code> — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getopt"><code>getopt</code> — C-style parser for command line options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging"><code>logging</code> — Logging facility for Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config"><code>logging.config</code> — Logging configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers"><code>logging.handlers</code> — Logging handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getpass"><code>getpass</code> — Portable password input</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses"><code>curses</code> — Terminal handling for character-cell displays</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses#module-curses.textpad"><code>curses.textpad</code> — Text input widget for curses programs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.ascii"><code>curses.ascii</code> — Utilities for ASCII characters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel"><code>curses.panel</code> — A panel stack extension for curses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform"><code>platform</code> — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errno"><code>errno</code> — Standard errno system symbols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes"><code>ctypes</code> — A foreign function library for Python</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="concurrency">Concurrent Execution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading"><code>threading</code> — Thread-based parallelism</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing"><code>multiprocessing</code> — Process-based parallelism</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.shared_memory"><code>multiprocessing.shared_memory</code> — Shared memory for direct access across processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent">The <code>concurrent</code> package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures"><code>concurrent.futures</code> — Launching parallel tasks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess"><code>subprocess</code> — Subprocess management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sched"><code>sched</code> — Event scheduler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queue"><code>queue</code> — A synchronized queue class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contextvars"><code>contextvars</code> — Context Variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="_thread"><code>_thread</code> — Low-level threading API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="ipc">Networking and Interprocess Communication</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio"><code>asyncio</code> — Asynchronous I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socket"><code>socket</code> — Low-level networking interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl"><code>ssl</code> — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select"><code>select</code> — Waiting for I/O completion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="selectors"><code>selectors</code> — High-level I/O multiplexing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="signal"><code>signal</code> — Set handlers for asynchronous events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mmap"><code>mmap</code> — Memory-mapped file support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="netdata">Internet Data Handling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email"><code>email</code> — An email and MIME handling package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="json"><code>json</code> — JSON encoder and decoder</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mailbox"><code>mailbox</code> — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mimetypes"><code>mimetypes</code> — Map filenames to MIME types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="base64"><code>base64</code> — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="binascii"><code>binascii</code> — Convert between binary and ASCII</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quopri"><code>quopri</code> — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="markup">Structured Markup Processing Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html"><code>html</code> — HyperText Markup Language support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html.parser"><code>html.parser</code> — Simple HTML and XHTML parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html.entities"><code>html.entities</code> — Definitions of HTML general entities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml">XML Processing Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree"><code>xml.etree.ElementTree</code> — The ElementTree XML API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom"><code>xml.dom</code> — The Document Object Model API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.minidom"><code>xml.dom.minidom</code> — Minimal DOM implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.pulldom"><code>xml.dom.pulldom</code> — Support for building partial DOM trees</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax"><code>xml.sax</code> — Support for SAX2 parsers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.handler"><code>xml.sax.handler</code> — Base classes for SAX handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.utils"><code>xml.sax.saxutils</code> — SAX Utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.reader"><code>xml.sax.xmlreader</code> — Interface for XML parsers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat"><code>xml.parsers.expat</code> — Fast XML parsing using Expat</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="internet">Internet Protocols and Support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="webbrowser"><code>webbrowser</code> — Convenient web-browser controller</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref"><code>wsgiref</code> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib"><code>urllib</code> — URL handling modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request"><code>urllib.request</code> — Extensible library for opening URLs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request#module-urllib.response"><code>urllib.response</code> — Response classes used by urllib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse"><code>urllib.parse</code> — Parse URLs into components</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.error"><code>urllib.error</code> — Exception classes raised by urllib.request</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.robotparser"><code>urllib.robotparser</code> — Parser for robots.txt</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http"><code>http</code> — HTTP modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client"><code>http.client</code> — HTTP protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib"><code>ftplib</code> — FTP protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib"><code>poplib</code> — POP3 protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib"><code>imaplib</code> — IMAP4 protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib"><code>smtplib</code> — SMTP protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid"><code>uuid</code> — UUID objects according to <strong>RFC 4122</strong></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver"><code>socketserver</code> — A framework for network servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.server"><code>http.server</code> — HTTP servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies"><code>http.cookies</code> — HTTP state management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar"><code>http.cookiejar</code> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc"><code>xmlrpc</code> — XMLRPC server and client modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client"><code>xmlrpc.client</code> — XML-RPC client access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server"><code>xmlrpc.server</code> — Basic XML-RPC servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress"><code>ipaddress</code> — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="mm">Multimedia Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wave"><code>wave</code> — Read and write WAV files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="colorsys"><code>colorsys</code> — Conversions between color systems</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="i18n">Internationalization</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext"><code>gettext</code> — Multilingual internationalization services</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="locale"><code>locale</code> — Internationalization services</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="frameworks">Program Frameworks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="turtle"><code>turtle</code> — Turtle graphics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmd"><code>cmd</code> — Support for line-oriented command interpreters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shlex"><code>shlex</code> — Simple lexical analysis</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="tk">Graphical User Interfaces with Tk</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter"><code>tkinter</code> — Python interface to Tcl/Tk</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.colorchooser"><code>tkinter.colorchooser</code> — Color choosing dialog</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.font"><code>tkinter.font</code> — Tkinter font wrapper</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dialog">Tkinter Dialogs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.messagebox"><code>tkinter.messagebox</code> — Tkinter message prompts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.scrolledtext"><code>tkinter.scrolledtext</code> — Scrolled Text Widget</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.dnd"><code>tkinter.dnd</code> — Drag and drop support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.ttk"><code>tkinter.ttk</code> — Tk themed widgets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.tix"><code>tkinter.tix</code> — Extension widgets for Tk</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="idle">IDLE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="development">Development Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing"><code>typing</code> — Support for type hints</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pydoc"><code>pydoc</code> — Documentation generator and online help system</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode">Python Development Mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest"><code>doctest</code> — Test interactive Python examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest"><code>unittest</code> — Unit testing framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock"><code>unittest.mock</code> — mock object library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html"><code>unittest.mock</code> — getting started</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/2to3.html">2to3 — Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test"><code>test</code> — Regression tests package for Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test#module-test.support"><code>test.support</code> — Utilities for the Python test suite</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test#module-test.support.socket_helper"><code>test.support.socket_helper</code> — Utilities for socket tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test#module-test.support.script_helper"><code>test.support.script_helper</code> — Utilities for the Python execution tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test#module-test.support.bytecode_helper"><code>test.support.bytecode_helper</code> — Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test#module-test.support.threading_helper"><code>test.support.threading_helper</code> — Utilities for threading tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test#module-test.support.os_helper"><code>test.support.os_helper</code> — Utilities for os tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test#module-test.support.import_helper"><code>test.support.import_helper</code> — Utilities for import tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test#module-test.support.warnings_helper"><code>test.support.warnings_helper</code> — Utilities for warnings tests</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="debug">Debugging and Profiling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="audit_events">Audit events table</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bdb"><code>bdb</code> — Debugger framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faulthandler"><code>faulthandler</code> — Dump the Python traceback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pdb"><code>pdb</code> — The Python Debugger</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profile">The Python Profilers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="timeit"><code>timeit</code> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trace"><code>trace</code> — Trace or track Python statement execution</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tracemalloc"><code>tracemalloc</code> — Trace memory allocations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="distribution">Software Packaging and Distribution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ensurepip"><code>ensurepip</code> — Bootstrapping the <code>pip</code> installer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="venv"><code>venv</code> — Creation of virtual environments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipapp"><code>zipapp</code> — Manage executable Python zip archives</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="python">Python Runtime Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sys"><code>sys</code> — System-specific parameters and functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sys.monitoring"><code>sys.monitoring</code> — Execution event monitoring</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sysconfig"><code>sysconfig</code> — Provide access to Python’s configuration information</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="builtins"><code>builtins</code> — Built-in objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="__main__"><code>__main__</code> — Top-level code environment</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="warnings"><code>warnings</code> — Warning control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dataclasses"><code>dataclasses</code> — Data Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contextlib"><code>contextlib</code> — Utilities for <code>with</code>-statement contexts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="abc"><code>abc</code> — Abstract Base Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="atexit"><code>atexit</code> — Exit handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="traceback"><code>traceback</code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="__future__"><code>__future__</code> — Future statement definitions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gc"><code>gc</code> — Garbage Collector interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inspect"><code>inspect</code> — Inspect live objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="site"><code>site</code> — Site-specific configuration hook</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="custominterp">Custom Python Interpreters</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="code"><code>code</code> — Interpreter base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codeop"><code>codeop</code> — Compile Python code</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="modules">Importing Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipimport"><code>zipimport</code> — Import modules from Zip archives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pkgutil"><code>pkgutil</code> — Package extension utility</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modulefinder"><code>modulefinder</code> — Find modules used by a script</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="runpy"><code>runpy</code> — Locating and executing Python modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="importlib"><code>importlib</code> — The implementation of <code>import</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="importlib.resources"><code>importlib.resources</code> – Package resource reading, opening and access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="importlib.resources.abc"><code>importlib.resources.abc</code> – Abstract base classes for resources</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="importlib.metadata"><code>importlib.metadata</code> – Accessing package metadata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sys_path_init">The initialization of the <code>sys.path</code> module search path</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="language">Python Language Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ast"><code>ast</code> — Abstract Syntax Trees</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="symtable"><code>symtable</code> — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="token"><code>token</code> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="keyword"><code>keyword</code> — Testing for Python keywords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tokenize"><code>tokenize</code> — Tokenizer for Python source</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tabnanny"><code>tabnanny</code> — Detection of ambiguous indentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyclbr"><code>pyclbr</code> — Python module browser support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="py_compile"><code>py_compile</code> — Compile Python source files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compileall"><code>compileall</code> — Byte-compile Python libraries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dis"><code>dis</code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pickletools"><code>pickletools</code> — Tools for pickle developers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="windows">MS Windows Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="msvcrt"><code>msvcrt</code> — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="winreg"><code>winreg</code> — Windows registry access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="winsound"><code>winsound</code> — Sound-playing interface for Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="unix">Unix Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="posix"><code>posix</code> — The most common POSIX system calls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pwd"><code>pwd</code> — The password database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="grp"><code>grp</code> — The group database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="termios"><code>termios</code> — POSIX style tty control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tty"><code>tty</code> — Terminal control functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pty"><code>pty</code> — Pseudo-terminal utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fcntl"><code>fcntl</code> — The <code>fcntl</code> and <code>ioctl</code> system calls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="resource"><code>resource</code> — Resource usage information</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="syslog"><code>syslog</code> — Unix syslog library routines</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cmdline">Modules command-line interface (CLI)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="superseded">Superseded Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="aifc"><code>aifc</code> — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="audioop"><code>audioop</code> — Manipulate raw audio data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi"><code>cgi</code> — Common Gateway Interface support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgitb"><code>cgitb</code> — Traceback manager for CGI scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="chunk"><code>chunk</code> — Read IFF chunked data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="crypt"><code>crypt</code> — Function to check Unix passwords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imghdr"><code>imghdr</code> — Determine the type of an image</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mailcap"><code>mailcap</code> — Mailcap file handling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="msilib"><code>msilib</code> — Read and write Microsoft Installer files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nis"><code>nis</code> — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib"><code>nntplib</code> — NNTP protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse"><code>optparse</code> — Parser for command line options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ossaudiodev"><code>ossaudiodev</code> — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pipes"><code>pipes</code> — Interface to shell pipelines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sndhdr"><code>sndhdr</code> — Determine type of sound file</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="spwd"><code>spwd</code> — The shadow password database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/sunau.html"><code>sunau</code> — Read and write Sun AU files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="telnetlib"><code>telnetlib</code> — Telnet client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uu"><code>uu</code> — Encode and decode uuencode files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xdrlib"><code>xdrlib</code> — Encode and decode XDR data</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="security_warnings">Security Considerations</a></li> </ul>  <div class="_attribution">
  <p class="_attribution-p">
    &copy; 2001&ndash;2023 Python Software Foundation<br>Licensed under the PSF License.<br>
    <a href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/index.html" class="_attribution-link">https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/index.html</a>
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