maint: remaining custom functions grouped into separate modules

12 files changed, 887 insertions, 867 deletions

diff --git a/init.el b/init.el
index 413ccf67..d702678c 100644
--- a/init.el
+++ b/init.el
@@ -22,8 +22,15 @@
 
 ;; -------------------------- Utilities And Libraries --------------------------
 
-(require 'custom-functions)      ;; custom function library w/ keybindings
+(require 'custom-case)           ;; operations for upper/lower/title case
+(require 'custom-comments)       ;; operations with comments
+(require 'custom-datetime)       ;; date/timestamps in various formats
 (require 'custom-file-buffer)    ;; custom buffer and file operations and keymap
+(require 'custom-line-paragraph) ;; operations on lines and paragraphs
+(require 'custom-misc)           ;; miscellaneous functions
+(require 'custom-ordering)       ;; ordering and sorting operations
+(require 'custom-text-enclose)   ;; operations to append, prepend, and surround text
+(require 'custom-whitespace)     ;; whitespace operations
 (require 'external-open)         ;; files to open outside of Emacs
 (require 'media-utils)           ;; download and play urls
 
diff --git a/modules/custom-case.el b/modules/custom-case.el
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6baffeb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/custom-case.el
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+;;; custom-case.el --- Custom Functions Handling Text Case -*- coding: utf-8; lexical-binding: t; -*-
+
+;;; Commentary:
+;;
+
+;;; Code:
+
+(defun cj/upcase-dwim ()
+  "Upcase the active region, or upcase the symbol at point if no region."
+  (interactive)
+  (if (use-region-p)
+	  (upcase-region (region-beginning) (region-end))
+	(let ((bounds (bounds-of-thing-at-point 'symbol)))
+	  (if bounds
+		  (upcase-region (car bounds) (cdr bounds))
+		(user-error "No symbol at point")))))
+
+(defun cj/downcase-dwim ()
+  "Downcase the active region, or downcase the symbol at point if no region."
+  (interactive)
+  (if (use-region-p)
+	  (downcase-region (region-beginning) (region-end))
+	(let ((bounds (bounds-of-thing-at-point 'symbol)))
+	  (if bounds
+		  (downcase-region (car bounds) (cdr bounds))
+		(user-error "No symbol at point")))))
+
+(defun cj/title-case-region ()
+  "Capitalize the region in title case format.
+Title case is a capitalization convention where major words
+are capitalized,and most minor words are lowercase.  Nouns,
+verbs (including linking verbs), adjectives, adverbs,pronouns,
+and all words of four letters or more are considered major words.
+Short (i.e., three letters or fewer) conjunctions, short prepositions,
+and all articles are considered minor words."
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((beg nil)
+		(end nil)
+		(prev-word-end nil)
+		;; Allow capitals for skip characters after this, so:
+		;;   Warning: An Example
+		;; Capitalizes the `An'.
+		(chars-skip-reset '(?: ?! ??))
+		;; Don't capitalize characters directly after these. e.g.
+		;; "Foo-bar" or "Foo\bar" or "Foo's".
+
+		(chars-separator '(?\\ ?- ?' ?.))
+
+		(word-chars "[:alnum:]")
+		(word-skip
+		 (list "a" "an" "and" "as" "at" "but" "by"
+			   "for" "if" "in" "is" "nor" "of"
+			   "on" "or" "so" "the" "to" "yet"))
+		(is-first t))
+	(cond
+	 ((region-active-p)
+	  (setq beg (region-beginning))
+	  (setq end (region-end)))
+	 (t
+	  (setq beg (line-beginning-position))
+	  (setq end (line-end-position))))
+	(save-excursion
+	  ;; work on uppercased text (e.g., headlines) by downcasing first
+	  (downcase-region beg end)
+	  (goto-char beg)
+
+	  (while (< (point) end)
+		(setq prev-word-end (point))
+		(skip-chars-forward (concat "^" word-chars) end)
+		(let ((word-end
+			   (save-excursion
+				 (skip-chars-forward word-chars end)
+				 (point))))
+
+		  (unless (memq (char-before (point)) chars-separator)
+			(let* ((c-orig (char-to-string (char-after (point))))
+				   (c-up (capitalize c-orig)))
+			  (unless (string-equal c-orig c-up)
+				(let ((word (buffer-substring-no-properties (point) word-end)))
+				  (when
+					  (or
+					   ;; Always allow capitalization.
+					   is-first
+					   ;; If it's not a skip word, allow.
+					   (not (member word word-skip))
+					   ;; Check the beginning of the previous word doesn't reset first.
+					   (save-excursion
+						 (and
+						  (not (zerop
+								(skip-chars-backward "[:blank:]" prev-word-end)))
+						  (memq (char-before (point)) chars-skip-reset))))
+					(delete-region (point) (1+ (point)))
+					(insert c-up))))))
+		  (goto-char word-end)
+		  (setq is-first nil))))))
+;; replace the capitalize-region keybinding to call title-case
+(global-set-key [remap capitalize-region] 'cj/title-case-region)
+
+;; Case-change operations prefix and keymap
+(define-prefix-command 'cj/case-map nil
+					   "Keymap for case-change operations.")
+(define-key cj/custom-keymap "c" 'cj/case-map)
+(define-key cj/case-map "t" 'cj/title-case-region)
+(define-key cj/case-map "u" 'cj/upcase-dwim)
+(define-key cj/case-map "l" 'cj/downcase-dwim) ;; for "lower" case
+
+(provide 'custom-case)
+;;; custom-case.el ends here.
diff --git a/modules/custom-comments.el b/modules/custom-comments.el
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2f508da4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/custom-comments.el
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+;;; custom-comments.el --- Custom Comment Operations -*- coding: utf-8; lexical-binding: t; -*-
+
+;;; Commentary:
+;;
+
+;;; Code:
+
+(require 'custom-line-paragraph)
+
+;; --------------------------- Delete Buffer Comments --------------------------
+
+(defun cj/delete-buffer-comments ()
+  "Delete all comments within the current buffer."
+  (interactive)
+  (goto-char (point-min))
+  (let (kill-ring)
+	(comment-kill (count-lines (point-min) (point-max)))))
+
+;; ----------------------------- Comment User Edit -----------------------------
+
+(defun cj/comment-user-edit ()
+  "Reformat commented text in an indirect buffer."
+  (interactive)
+  (if mark-active
+	  (uncomment-region beg end)
+	  (let ((beg (region-beginning))
+			(end (copy-marker (region-end)))
+			(source buffer (current-buffer))
+			(indirect-buffer (make-indirect-buffer source-buffer))
+			(with-current-buffer indirect-buffer
+			  ;; Narrow to the selected region
+			  (narrow-to-region start end)
+			  (goto-char (point-min))
+
+
+			  )))
+	  (comment-region beg end))
+  ;; if no region
+  (message "No region was selected. Select the comment lines to reformat."))
+
+;; ------------------------------ Comment Reformat -----------------------------
+
+(defun cj/comment-reformat ()
+  "Reformat commented text into a single paragraph."
+  (interactive)
+  (if mark-active
+	  (let ((beg (region-beginning))
+			(end (copy-marker (region-end)))
+			(orig-fill-column fill-column))
+		(uncomment-region beg end)
+		(setq fill-column (- fill-column 3))
+		(cj/join-line-or-region beg end)
+		(comment-region beg end)
+		(setq fill-column orig-fill-column )))
+  ;; if no region
+  (message "No region was selected. Select the comment lines to reformat."))
+
+;; ------------------------------ Comment Centered -----------------------------
+
+(defun cj/comment-centered (&optional comment-char)
+  "Insert comment text centered around the COMMENT-CHAR character.
+Default to the hash character when COMMENT-CHAR is nil.
+Use the lesser of `fill-column' or 80 to calculate the comment length.
+Begin and end the line with the appropriate comment symbols for the current mode."
+  (interactive)
+  (if (not (char-or-string-p comment-char))
+	  (setq comment-char "#"))
+  (let* ((comment (capitalize (string-trim (read-from-minibuffer "Comment: "))))
+		 (fill-column (min fill-column 80))
+		 (comment-length (length comment))
+		 (comment-start-length (length comment-start))
+		 (comment-end-length (length comment-end))
+		 (current-column-pos (current-column))
+		 (space-on-each-side (/ (- fill-column
+								   current-column-pos
+								   comment-length
+								   (length comment-start)
+								   (length comment-end)
+								   ;; Single space on each side of comment
+								   (if (> comment-length 0) 2 0)
+								   ;; Single space after comment syntax sting
+								   1)
+								2)))
+	(if (< space-on-each-side 2)
+		(message "Comment string is too big to fit in one line")
+	  (progn
+		(insert comment-start)
+		(when (equal comment-start ";") ;; emacs-lisp line comments are ';;'
+		  (insert comment-start))       ;; so insert comment-char again
+		(insert " ")
+		(dotimes (_ space-on-each-side) (insert comment-char))
+		(when (> comment-length 0) (insert " "))
+		(insert comment)
+		(when (> comment-length 0) (insert " "))
+		(dotimes (_ (if (= (% comment-length 2) 0)
+						(- space-on-each-side 1)
+					  space-on-each-side))
+		  (insert comment-char))
+		;; Only insert trailing space and comment-end if comment-end is not empty
+		(when (not (string-empty-p comment-end))
+		  (insert " ")
+		  (insert comment-end))))))
+
+;; -------------------------------- Comment Box --------------------------------
+
+(defun cj/comment-box ()
+  "Insert a comment box around text that the user inputs.
+The box extends to the fill column, centers the text, and uses the current
+mode's comment syntax at both the beginning and end of each line. The box
+respects the current indentation level and avoids trailing whitespace."
+  (interactive)
+  (let* ((comment-char (if (equal comment-start ";") ";;"
+						 (string-trim comment-start)))
+		 (comment-end-char (if (string-empty-p comment-end)
+							   comment-char
+							 (string-trim comment-end)))
+		 (line-char (if (equal comment-char ";;") "-" "#"))
+		 (comment (capitalize (string-trim (read-from-minibuffer "Comment: "))))
+		 (comment-length (length comment))
+		 (current-column-pos (current-column))
+		 (max-width (min fill-column 80))
+		 ;; Calculate available width between comment markers
+		 (available-width (- max-width
+							 current-column-pos
+							 (length comment-char)
+							 (length comment-end-char)))
+		 ;; Inner width is the width without the spaces after comment start and before comment end
+		 (inner-width (- available-width 2))
+		 ;; Calculate padding for each side of the centered text
+		 (padding-each-side (max 1 (/ (- inner-width comment-length) 2)))
+		 ;; Adjust for odd-length comments
+		 (right-padding (if (= (% (- inner-width comment-length) 2) 0)
+							padding-each-side
+						  (1+ padding-each-side))))
+
+	;; Check if we have enough space
+	(if (< inner-width (+ comment-length 4)) ; minimum sensible width
+		(message "Comment string is too big to fit in one line")
+	  (progn
+		;; Top line - fill entirely with line characters except for space after comment start
+		(insert comment-char)
+		(insert " ")
+		(insert (make-string inner-width (string-to-char line-char)))
+		(insert " ")
+		(insert comment-end-char)
+		(newline)
+
+		;; Add indentation on the new line to match current column
+		(dotimes (_ current-column-pos) (insert " "))
+
+		;; Middle line with centered text
+		(insert comment-char)
+		(insert " ")
+		;; Left padding
+		(dotimes (_ padding-each-side) (insert " "))
+		;; The comment text
+		(insert comment)
+		;; Right padding
+		(dotimes (_ right-padding) (insert " "))
+		(insert " ")
+		(insert comment-end-char)
+		(newline)
+
+		;; Add indentation on the new line to match current column
+		(dotimes (_ current-column-pos) (insert " "))
+
+		;; Bottom line - same as top line
+		(insert comment-char)
+		(insert " ")
+		(dotimes (_ inner-width) (insert line-char))
+		(insert " ")
+		(insert comment-end-char)
+		(newline)))))
+
+;; ------------------------------- Comment Hyphen ------------------------------
+
+(defun cj/comment-hyphen()
+  "Insert a centered comment with '-' (hyphens) on each side.
+Leverages cj/comment-centered."
+  (interactive)
+  (cj/comment-centered "-"))
+
+;; ------------------------------- Comment Keymap ------------------------------
+
+;; Comment styles & removal prefix and keymap
+(define-prefix-command 'cj/comment-map nil
+					   "Keymap for comment styling and removal.")
+(define-key cj/custom-keymap "C" 'cj/comment-map)
+(define-key cj/comment-map "r" 'cj/comment-reformat)
+(define-key cj/comment-map "c" 'cj/comment-centered)
+(define-key cj/comment-map "-" 'cj/comment-hyphen)
+(define-key cj/comment-map "b" 'cj/comment-box)
+(define-key cj/comment-map "D" 'cj/delete-buffer-comments)
+
+(provide 'custom-comments)
+;;; custom-comments.el ends here.
diff --git a/modules/custom-datetime.el b/modules/custom-datetime.el
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95d672c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/custom-datetime.el
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+;;; custom-datetime.el ---  -*- coding: utf-8; lexical-binding: t; -*-
+
+;;; Commentary:
+;;
+
+;;; Code:
+
+
+(defvar readable-date-time-format "%A, %B %d, %Y at %I:%M:%S %p %Z "
+  "Format string used by `cj/insert-readable-date-time'.
+
+See `format-time-string' for possible replacements.")
+
+(defun cj/insert-readable-date-time ()
+  "Insert the current date and time into the current buffer.
+
+Use `readable-date-time-format' for formatting."
+  (interactive)
+  (insert (format-time-string readable-date-time-format (current-time))))
+
+(defvar sortable-date-time-format "%Y-%m-%d %a @ %H:%M:%S %z "
+  "Format string used by `cj/insert-sortable-date-time'.
+
+See `format-time-string' for possible replacements.")
+
+(defun cj/insert-sortable-date-time ()
+  "Insert the current date and time into the current buffer.
+
+Use `sortable-date-time-format' for formatting."
+  (interactive)
+  (insert (format-time-string sortable-date-time-format (current-time))))
+
+(defvar sortable-time-format "%I:%M:%S %p %Z "
+  "Format string used by `cj/insert-sortable-time'.
+
+See `format-time-string' for possible replacements.")
+
+(defun cj/insert-sortable-time ()
+  "Insert the current time into the current buffer.
+
+Use `sortable-time-format' for formatting."
+  (interactive)
+  (insert (format-time-string sortable-time-format (current-time))))
+
+(defvar readable-time-format  "%-I:%M %p "
+  "Format string used by `cj/insert-readable-time'.
+
+See `format-time-string' for possible replacements.")
+
+(defun cj/insert-readable-time ()
+  "Insert the current time into the current buffer.
+
+Use `readable-time-format' for formatting."
+  (interactive)
+  (insert (format-time-string readable-time-format (current-time))))
+
+(defvar sortable-date-format "%Y-%m-%d %a"
+  "Format string used by `cj/insert-sortable-date'.
+
+See `format-time-string' for possible replacements.")
+
+(defun cj/insert-sortable-date ()
+  "Insert the current date into the current buffer.
+
+Use `sortable-date-format' for formatting."
+  (interactive)
+  (insert (format-time-string sortable-date-format (current-time))))
+
+(defvar readable-date-format "%A, %B %d, %Y"
+  "Format string used by `cj/insert-readable-date'.
+
+See `format-time-string' for possible replacements.")
+
+(defun cj/insert-readable-date ()
+  "Insert the current date into the current buffer.
+
+Use `readable-date-format' for formatting."
+  (interactive)
+  (insert (format-time-string readable-date-format (current-time))))
+
+;; Date/time insertion prefix and keymap
+(define-prefix-command 'cj/datetime-map nil
+					   "Keymap for inserting various date/time formats.")
+(define-key cj/custom-keymap "d" 'cj/datetime-map)
+(define-key cj/datetime-map "r" 'cj/insert-readable-date-time)
+(define-key cj/datetime-map "s" 'cj/insert-sortable-date-time)
+(define-key cj/datetime-map "t" 'cj/insert-sortable-time)
+(define-key cj/datetime-map "T" 'cj/insert-readable-time)
+(define-key cj/datetime-map "d" 'cj/insert-sortable-date)
+(define-key cj/datetime-map "D" 'cj/insert-readable-date)
+
+(provide 'custom-datetime)
+;;; custom-datetime.el ends here.
diff --git a/modules/custom-file-buffer.el b/modules/custom-file-buffer.el
index 2918ed97..a3362e05 100644
--- a/modules/custom-file-buffer.el
+++ b/modules/custom-file-buffer.el
@@ -93,8 +93,6 @@ Do not save the deleted text in the kill ring."
   (delete-region (point) (point-min))
   (message "Buffer contents removed to the beginning of the buffer."))
 
-
-
 ;; ------------------------- Print Buffer As Postscript ------------------------
 
 ;; prints using postscript for much nicer output
diff --git a/modules/custom-functions.el b/modules/custom-functions.el
deleted file mode 100644
index e9a05de3..00000000
--- a/modules/custom-functions.el
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,864 +0,0 @@
-;;; custom-functions.el --- My Custom Functions and Keymaps -*- lexical-binding: t; coding: utf-8; -*-
-;; author Craig Jennings <c@cjennings.net>
-
-;;; Commentary:
-;;
-;; These are custom utility functions I use frequently.
-;; For convenience, they are bound to a custom keymap with a prefix of "C-;".
-
-;; Additional keymaps are created on top of this prefix to collect similar operations.
-;;
-;; C-; --- Custom Key Map
-;;   C-; )    → jump to matching parenthesis
-;;   C-; f    → re-formats region or buffer (delete trailing whitespace, reindent, and untabify).
-;;   C-; W    → counts words in region or buffer displaying results in echo area.
-;;   C-; /    → replace common glyph fractions (½) to text (1/2) (text to glyph with C-u).
-;;   C-; A    → align text by regexp with spaces
-;;   C-; |    → toggle visibility of the fill-column indicator
-;;
-;; C-; b --- Buffer & File Operations
-;;   C-; b m  → move buffer and file to another directory
-;;   C-; b r  → rename buffer and its file simultaneously
-;;   C-; b d  → delete buffer and its file simultaneously
-;;   C-; b l  → copy file:// link of buffer’s source file
-;;   C-; b c  → copy entire buffer to the kill rung
-;;   C-; b b  → clear contents of buffer from point to beginnning
-;;   C-; b e  → clear contents of buffer from point to end
-;;
-;; C-; w --- Whitespace Operations
-;;   C-; w r  → remove leading/trailing whitespace from line or region (buffer with C-u).
-;;   C-; w c  → collapses runs of whitespace to one space.
-;;   C-; w l  → delete all blank lines in region or buffer
-;;   C-; w h  → hyphenate all whitespace in region
-;;
-;; C-; s --- Surround, Append & Prepend
-;;   C-; s s  → surround word or region with string
-;;   C-; s a  → append a string to each line
-;;   C-; s p  → prepend a string to each line
-;;
-;; C-; d --- Date/Time Insertion
-;;   C-; d r  → readable date and time : Sunday, August 31, 2025 at 04:07:02 PM CDT
-;;   C-; d s  → sortable date and time : 2025-08-31 Sun @ 16:07:30 -0500
-;;   C-; d t  → sortable time only     : 04:07:50 PM CDT
-;;   C-; d D  → readable time only     : 4:08 PM
-;;   C-; d T  → readable date only     : Sunday, August 31, 2025
-;;   C-; d d  → sortable date only     : 2025-08-31 Sun
-;;
-;; C-; l --- Line & Paragraph Operations
-;;   C-; l j  → join lines (or selected region of lines)
-;;   C-; l J  → join entire paragraph. guesses at the lines that constitute paragraph.
-;;   C-; l d  → duplicates the line or region
-;;   C-; l r  → remove duplicate lines from the buffer, keeping the first occurrence.
-;;   C-; l R  → remove lines containing specific text from the region or buffer.
-;;   C-; l u  → "underline" current line: repeat a chosen character to same length on line below.
-
-;;
-;; C-; m --- Comment Styling & Removal
-;;   C-; m r  → reformats selecton into a commented paragraph re-wrapping at fill column width.
-;;   C-; m c  → insert centered comment
-;;   C-; m -  → insert hyphen-style comment
-;;   C-; m b  → draw a comment box
-;;   C-; m D  → delete all comments in buffer
-;;
-;; C-; o --- Ordering & Sorting
-;;   C-; o a  → arrayify lines into quoted list
-;;   C-; o u  → unarrayify list into lines
-;;   C-; o A  → alphabetize items in region
-;;   C-; o l  → split comma-separated text onto lines
-;;
-;; C-; c --- Case-Change Operations
-;;   C-; c t  → Change selected text to Title Case  : This is the Title of a Movie
-;;   C-; c u  → Change word or region to Upper Case : THIS IS THE TITLE OF A MOVIE
-;;   C-; c d  → Change word or region to Lower Case : this is the title of a movie
-
-;;; Code:
-
-(require 'subr-x)
-
-(use-package expand-region
-  :demand t) ;; used w/in join paragraph
-
-;;; ----------------- Miscellaneous Functions And Custom Keymap -----------------
-
-(defun cj/jump-to-matching-paren ()
-  "Jump to the matching parenthesis when point is on one.
-
-Signal a message when point is not on a parenthesis."
-  (interactive)
-  (cond ((looking-at "\\s\(\\|\\s\{\\|\\s\[")
-		 (forward-list))
-		((looking-back "\\s\)\\|\\s\}\\|\\s\\]")
-		 (backward-list))
-		(t (message "Cursor doesn't follow parenthesis, so there's no match."))))
-
-(defun cj/format-region-or-buffer ()
-  "Reformat the region or the entire buffer.
-
-Replaces tabs with spaces, deletes trailing whitespace, and reindents the region."
-  (interactive)
-  (let ((start-pos (if (use-region-p) (region-beginning) (point-min)))
-		(end-pos (if (use-region-p) (region-end) (point-max))))
-	(save-excursion
-	  (save-restriction
-		(narrow-to-region start-pos end-pos)
-		(untabify (point-min) (point-max)))
-	  (indent-region (point-min) (point-max))
-	  (delete-trailing-whitespace))))
-
-(defun cj/count-words-buffer-or-region ()
-  "Count the number of words in the buffer or region.
-
-Display the result in the minibuffer and *Messages* buffer."
-  (interactive)
-  (let ((begin (point-min))
-		(end (point-max))
-		(area_type "the buffer"))
-	(when mark-active
-	  (setq begin (region-beginning)
-			end (region-end)
-			area_type "the region"))
-	(message (format "There are %d words in %s." (count-words begin end) area_type))))
-
-(defun cj/replace-fraction-glyphs (start end)
-  "Replace common fraction glyphs between START and END.
-
-Operate on the buffer or region designated by START and END.
-Replace the text representations with glyphs when called with a \[universal-argument] prefix."
-  (interactive (if (use-region-p)
-                   (list (region-beginning) (region-end))
-                 (list (point-min) (point-max))))
-  (let ((replacements (if current-prefix-arg
-                          '(("1/4" . "¼")
-                            ("1/2" . "½")
-                            ("3/4" . "¾")
-                            ("1/3" .  "⅓")
-                            ("2/3" . "⅔"))
-                        '(("¼" . "1/4")
-                          ("½" . "1/2")
-                          ("¾" . "3/4")
-                          ("⅓" . "1/3")
-                          ("⅔" . "2/3")))))
-    (save-excursion
-      (dolist (r replacements)
-        (goto-char start)
-        (while (search-forward (car r) end t)
-          (replace-match (cdr r)))))))
-
-(defun cj/align-regexp-with-spaces (orig-fun &rest args)
-  "Call ORIG-FUN with ARGS while temporarily disabling tabs for alignment.
-
-This advice ensures `align-regexp' uses spaces by binding `indent-tabs-mode' to nil."
-  (let ((indent-tabs-mode nil))
-	(apply orig-fun args)))
-
-(advice-remove 'align-regexp #'align-regexp-with-spaces) ; in case this is reloaded
-(advice-add    'align-regexp :around #'cj/align-regexp-with-spaces)
-
-
-(define-key cj/custom-keymap ")" 'cj/jump-to-matching-paren)
-(define-key cj/custom-keymap "f" 'cj/format-region-or-buffer)
-(define-key cj/custom-keymap "W" 'cj/count-words-buffer-or-region)
-(define-key cj/custom-keymap "/" 'cj/replace-fraction-glyphs)
-(define-key cj/custom-keymap "A" 'align-regexp)
-(define-key cj/custom-keymap "B" 'toggle-debug-on-error)
-(define-key cj/custom-keymap "|" 'display-fill-column-indicator-mode)
-
-;;; ---------------------- Whitespace Operations And Keymap ---------------------
-
-(defun cj/remove-leading-trailing-whitespace ()
-  "Remove leading and trailing whitespace in a region, line, or buffer.
-
-When called interactively:
-- If a region is active, operate on the region.
-- If called with a \[universal-argument] prefix, operate on the entire buffer.
-- Otherwise, operate on the current line."
-  (interactive)
-  (let ((start (cond (current-prefix-arg (point-min))
-                     ((use-region-p) (region-beginning))
-                     (t (line-beginning-position))))
-        (end (cond (current-prefix-arg (point-max))
-                   ((use-region-p) (region-end))
-                   (t (line-end-position)))))
-    (save-excursion
-      (save-restriction
-        (narrow-to-region start end)
-        (goto-char (point-min))
-        (while (re-search-forward "^[ \t]+" nil t) (replace-match ""))
-        (goto-char (point-min))
-        (while (re-search-forward "[ \t]+$" nil t) (replace-match ""))))))
-
-(defun cj/collapse-whitespace-line-or-region ()
-  "Collapse whitespace to one space in the current line or active region.
-
-Ensure there is exactly one space between words and remove leading and trailing whitespace."
-  (interactive)
-  (save-excursion
-	(let* ((region-active (use-region-p))
-		   (beg (if region-active (region-beginning) (line-beginning-position)))
-		   (end (if region-active (region-end) (line-end-position))))
-	  (save-restriction
-		(narrow-to-region beg end)
-		;; Replace all tabs with space
-		(goto-char (point-min))
-		(while (search-forward "\t" nil t)
-		  (replace-match " " nil t))
-		;; Remove leading and trailing spaces
-		(goto-char (point-min))
-		(while (re-search-forward "^\\s-+\\|\\s-+$" nil t)
-		  (replace-match "" nil nil))
-		;; Ensure only one space between words/symbols
-		(goto-char (point-min))
-		(while (re-search-forward "\\s-\\{2,\\}" nil t)
-		  (replace-match " " nil nil))))))
-
-(defun cj/delete-blank-lines-region-or-buffer (start end)
-  "Delete blank lines between START and END.
-
-Treat blank lines as lines that contain nothing or only whitespace.
-Operate on the active region when one exists.
-Prompt before operating on the whole buffer when no region is selected.
-Signal a user error and do nothing when the user declines.
-Restore point to its original position after deletion."
-  (interactive
-   (if (use-region-p)
-       ;; grab its boundaries if there's a region
-       (list (region-beginning) (region-end))
-     ;; or ask if user intended operating on whole buffer
-     (if (yes-or-no-p "Delete blank lines in entire buffer? ")
-         (list (point-min) (point-max))
-       (user-error "Aborted"))))
-  (save-excursion
-    (save-restriction
-      (widen)
-      ;; Regexp "^[[:space:]]*$" matches lines of zero or more spaces/tabs.
-      (flush-lines "^[[:space:]]*$" start end)))
-  ;; Return nil (Emacs conventions). Point is already restored.
-  nil)
-
-(defun cj/hyphenate-whitespace-in-region (start end)
-  "Replace runs of whitespace between START and END with hyphens.
-
-Operate on the active region designated by START and END."
-  (interactive "*r")
-  (if (use-region-p)
-      (save-excursion
-        (save-restriction
-          (narrow-to-region start end)
-          (goto-char (point-min))
-          (while (re-search-forward "[ \t\n\r]+" nil t)
-            (replace-match "-"))))
-    (message "No region; nothing to hyphenate.")))
-
-
-;; Whitespace operations prefix and keymap
-(define-prefix-command 'cj/whitespace-map nil
-					   "Keymap for whitespace operations.")
-(define-key cj/custom-keymap "w" 'cj/whitespace-map)
-(define-key cj/whitespace-map "r" 'cj/remove-leading-trailing-whitespace)
-(define-key cj/whitespace-map "c" 'cj/collapse-whitespace-line-or-region)
-(define-key cj/whitespace-map "l" 'cj/delete-blank-lines-region-or-buffer)
-(define-key cj/whitespace-map "-" 'cj/hyphenate-whitespace-in-region)
-
-;;; ------------------------- Surround, Append, Prepend -------------------------
-
-(defun cj/surround-word-or-region ()
-  "Surround the word at point or active region with a string read from the minibuffer."
-  (interactive)
-  (let ((str (read-string "Surround with: "))
-        (regionp (use-region-p)))
-    (save-excursion
-      (if regionp
-          (let ((beg (region-beginning))
-                (end (region-end)))
-            (goto-char end)
-            (insert str)
-            (goto-char beg)
-            (insert str))
-        (if (thing-at-point 'word)
-            (let ((bounds (bounds-of-thing-at-point 'word)))
-              (goto-char (cdr bounds))
-              (insert str)
-              (goto-char (car bounds))
-              (insert str))
-          (message "Can't insert around. No word at point and no region selected."))))))
-
-(defun cj/append-to-lines-in-region-or-buffer (str)
-  "Append STR to the end of each line in the region or entire buffer."
-  (interactive "sEnter string to append: ")
-  (let ((start-pos (if (use-region-p)
-                       (region-beginning)
-                     (point-min)))
-        (end-pos (if (use-region-p)
-                     (region-end)
-                   (point-max))))
-    (save-excursion
-      (goto-char start-pos)
-      (while (< (point) end-pos)
-        (move-end-of-line 1)
-        (insert str)
-        (forward-line 1)))))
-
-(defun cj/prepend-to-lines-in-region-or-buffer (str)
-  "Prepend STR to the beginning of each line in the region or entire buffer."
-  (interactive "sEnter string to prepend: ")
-  (let ((start-pos (if (use-region-p)
-                       (region-beginning)
-                     (point-min)))
-        (end-pos (if (use-region-p)
-                     (region-end)
-                   (point-max))))
-    (save-excursion
-      (goto-char start-pos)
-      (while (< (point) end-pos)
-        (beginning-of-line 1)
-        (insert str)
-        (forward-line 1)))))
-
-;; Surround, append, prepend prefix keymap
-(define-prefix-command 'cj/surround-map nil
-					   "Keymap for surrounding, appending, and prepending operations.")
-(define-key cj/custom-keymap "s" 'cj/surround-map)
-(define-key cj/surround-map "s" 'cj/surround-word-or-region)
-(define-key cj/surround-map "a" 'cj/append-to-lines-in-region-or-buffer)
-(define-key cj/surround-map "p" 'cj/prepend-to-lines-in-region-or-buffer)
-
-;;; -------------------------- Date And Time Insertion --------------------------
-
-(defvar readable-date-time-format "%A, %B %d, %Y at %I:%M:%S %p %Z "
-  "Format string used by `cj/insert-readable-date-time'.
-
-See `format-time-string' for possible replacements.")
-
-(defun cj/insert-readable-date-time ()
-  "Insert the current date and time into the current buffer.
-
-Use `readable-date-time-format' for formatting."
-  (interactive)
-  (insert (format-time-string readable-date-time-format (current-time))))
-
-(defvar sortable-date-time-format "%Y-%m-%d %a @ %H:%M:%S %z "
-  "Format string used by `cj/insert-sortable-date-time'.
-
-See `format-time-string' for possible replacements.")
-
-(defun cj/insert-sortable-date-time ()
-  "Insert the current date and time into the current buffer.
-
-Use `sortable-date-time-format' for formatting."
-  (interactive)
-  (insert (format-time-string sortable-date-time-format (current-time))))
-
-(defvar sortable-time-format "%I:%M:%S %p %Z "
-  "Format string used by `cj/insert-sortable-time'.
-
-See `format-time-string' for possible replacements.")
-
-(defun cj/insert-sortable-time ()
-  "Insert the current time into the current buffer.
-
-Use `sortable-time-format' for formatting."
-  (interactive)
-  (insert (format-time-string sortable-time-format (current-time))))
-
-(defvar readable-time-format  "%-I:%M %p "
-  "Format string used by `cj/insert-readable-time'.
-
-See `format-time-string' for possible replacements.")
-
-(defun cj/insert-readable-time ()
-  "Insert the current time into the current buffer.
-
-Use `readable-time-format' for formatting."
-  (interactive)
-  (insert (format-time-string readable-time-format (current-time))))
-
-(defvar sortable-date-format "%Y-%m-%d %a"
-  "Format string used by `cj/insert-sortable-date'.
-
-See `format-time-string' for possible replacements.")
-
-(defun cj/insert-sortable-date ()
-  "Insert the current date into the current buffer.
-
-Use `sortable-date-format' for formatting."
-  (interactive)
-  (insert (format-time-string sortable-date-format (current-time))))
-
-(defvar readable-date-format "%A, %B %d, %Y"
-  "Format string used by `cj/insert-readable-date'.
-
-See `format-time-string' for possible replacements.")
-
-(defun cj/insert-readable-date ()
-  "Insert the current date into the current buffer.
-
-Use `readable-date-format' for formatting."
-  (interactive)
-  (insert (format-time-string readable-date-format (current-time))))
-
-;; Date/time insertion prefix and keymap
-(define-prefix-command 'cj/datetime-map nil
-					   "Keymap for inserting various date/time formats.")
-(define-key cj/custom-keymap "d" 'cj/datetime-map)
-(define-key cj/datetime-map "r" 'cj/insert-readable-date-time)
-(define-key cj/datetime-map "s" 'cj/insert-sortable-date-time)
-(define-key cj/datetime-map "t" 'cj/insert-sortable-time)
-(define-key cj/datetime-map "T" 'cj/insert-readable-time)
-(define-key cj/datetime-map "d" 'cj/insert-sortable-date)
-(define-key cj/datetime-map "D" 'cj/insert-readable-date)
-
-;;; ----------------------- Line And Paragraph Operations -----------------------
-
-
-(defun cj/join-line-or-region ()
-  "Join lines in the active region or join the current line with the previous one."
-  (interactive)
-  (if (use-region-p)
-	  (let ((beg (region-beginning))
-			(end (copy-marker (region-end))))
-		(goto-char beg)
-		(while (< (point) end)
-		  (join-line 1))
-		(goto-char end)
-		(newline))
-	;; No region - only join if there's a previous line
-	(when (> (line-number-at-pos) 1)
-	  (join-line))
-	(newline)))
-
-(defun cj/join-paragraph ()
-  "Join all lines in the current paragraph using `cj/join-line-or-region'."
-  (interactive)
-  (er/mark-paragraph) ;; from package expand region
-  (cj/join-line-or-region (region-beginning)(region-end))
-  (forward-line))
-
-(defun cj/duplicate-line-or-region (&optional comment)
-  "Duplicate the current line or active region below.
-
-Comment the duplicated text when optional COMMENT is non-nil."
-  (interactive "P")
-  (let* ((b (if (region-active-p) (region-beginning) (line-beginning-position)))
-         (e (if (region-active-p) (region-end) (line-end-position)))
-         (lines (split-string (buffer-substring-no-properties b e) "\n")))
-    (save-excursion
-      (goto-char e)
-      (dolist (line lines)
-        (open-line 1)
-        (forward-line 1)
-        (insert line)
-        ;; If the COMMENT prefix argument is non-nil, comment the inserted text
-        (when comment
-		  (comment-region (line-beginning-position) (line-end-position)))))))
-
-(defun cj/remove-duplicate-lines-region-or-buffer ()
-  "Remove duplicate lines in the region or buffer, keeping the first occurrence.
-
-Operate on the active region when one exists; otherwise operate on the whole buffer."
-  (interactive)
-  (let ((start (if (use-region-p) (region-beginning) (point-min)))
-        (end (if (use-region-p) (region-end) (point-max))))
-    (save-excursion
-      (let ((end-marker (copy-marker end)))
-        (while
-            (progn
-              (goto-char start)
-              (re-search-forward "^\\(.*\\)\n\\(\\(.*\n\\)*\\)\\1\n" end-marker t))
-          (replace-match "\\1\n\\2"))))))
-
-
-(defun cj/remove-lines-containing (text)
-  "Remove all lines containing TEXT.
-
-If region is active, operate only on the region, otherwise on entire buffer.
-The operation is undoable."
-  (interactive "sRemove lines containing: ")
-  (save-excursion
-	(save-restriction
-	  (let ((region-active (use-region-p))
-			(count 0))
-		(when region-active
-		  (narrow-to-region (region-beginning) (region-end)))
-		(goto-char (point-min))
-		;; Count lines before deletion
-		(while (re-search-forward (regexp-quote text) nil t)
-		  (setq count (1+ count))
-		  (beginning-of-line)
-		  (forward-line))
-		;; Go back and delete
-		(goto-char (point-min))
-		(delete-matching-lines (regexp-quote text))
-		;; Report what was done
-		(message "Removed %d line%s containing '%s' from %s"
-				 count
-				 (if (= count 1) "" "s")
-				 text
-				 (if region-active "region" "buffer"))))))
-
-(defun cj/underscore-line ()
-  "Underline the current line by inserting a row of characters below it.
-
-If the line is empty or contains only whitespace, abort with a message."
-  (interactive)
-  (let ((line (buffer-substring-no-properties
-               (line-beginning-position)
-               (line-end-position))))
-    (if (string-match-p "^[[:space:]]*$" line)
-        (message "Line empty or only whitespace. Aborting.")
-      (let* ((char (read-char "Enter character for underlining: "))
-             (len  (save-excursion
-                     (goto-char (line-end-position))
-                     (current-column))))
-        (save-excursion
-          (end-of-line)
-          (insert "\n" (make-string len char)))))))
-
-
-;; Line & paragraph operations prefix and keymap
-(define-prefix-command 'cj/line-and-paragraph-map nil
-					   "Keymap for line and paragraph manipulation.")
-(define-key cj/custom-keymap "l" 'cj/line-and-paragraph-map)
-(define-key cj/line-and-paragraph-map "j" 'cj/join-line-or-region)
-(define-key cj/line-and-paragraph-map "J" 'cj/join-paragraph)
-(define-key cj/line-and-paragraph-map "d" 'cj/duplicate-line-or-region)
-(define-key cj/line-and-paragraph-map "R" 'cj/remove-duplicate-lines-region-or-buffer)
-(define-key cj/line-and-paragraph-map "r" 'cj/remove-lines-containing)
-(define-key cj/line-and-paragraph-map "u" 'cj/underscore-line)
-
-;;; ---------------------------------- Comments ---------------------------------
-
-(defun cj/comment-reformat ()
-  "Reformat commented text into a single paragraph."
-  (interactive)
-
-  (if mark-active
-	  (let ((beg (region-beginning))
-			(end (copy-marker (region-end)))
-			(orig-fill-column fill-column))
-		(uncomment-region beg end)
-		(setq fill-column (- fill-column 3))
-		(cj/join-line-or-region beg end)
-		(comment-region beg end)
-		(setq fill-column orig-fill-column )))
-  ;; if no region
-  (message "No region was selected. Select the comment lines to reformat."))
-
-(defun cj/comment-centered (&optional comment-char)
-  "Insert comment text centered around the COMMENT-CHAR character.
-
-Default to the hash character when COMMENT-CHAR is nil.
-
-Use the lesser of `fill-column' or 80 to calculate the comment length.
-Begin and end the line with the appropriate comment symbols for the current mode."
-  (interactive)
-  (if (not (char-or-string-p comment-char))
-	  (setq comment-char "#"))
-  (let* ((comment (capitalize (string-trim (read-from-minibuffer "Comment: "))))
-		 (fill-column (min fill-column 80))
-		 (comment-length (length comment))
-		 (comment-start-length (length comment-start))
-		 (comment-end-length (length comment-end))
-		 (current-column-pos (current-column))
-		 (space-on-each-side (/ (- fill-column
-								   current-column-pos
-								   comment-length
-								   (length comment-start)
-								   (length comment-end)
-								   ;; Single space on each side of comment
-								   (if (> comment-length 0) 2 0)
-								   ;; Single space after comment syntax sting
-								   1)
-								2)))
-    (if (< space-on-each-side 2)
-		(message "Comment string is too big to fit in one line")
-	  (progn
-		(insert comment-start)
-		(when (equal comment-start ";") ; emacs-lisp line comments are ;;
-		  (insert comment-start))       ; so insert comment-char again
-		(insert " ")
-		(dotimes (_ space-on-each-side) (insert comment-char))
-		(when (> comment-length 0) (insert " "))
-		(insert comment)
-		(when (> comment-length 0) (insert " "))
-		(dotimes (_ (if (= (% comment-length 2) 0)
-						(- space-on-each-side 1)
-					  space-on-each-side))
-		  (insert comment-char))
-		;; Only insert trailing space and comment-end if comment-end is not empty
-		(when (not (string-empty-p comment-end))
-		  (insert " ")
-		  (insert comment-end))))))
-
-(defun cj/comment-box ()
-  "Insert a comment box around text that the user inputs.
-
-The box extends to the fill column, centers the text, and uses the current
-mode's comment syntax at both the beginning and end of each line. The box
-respects the current indentation level and avoids trailing whitespace."
-  (interactive)
-  (let* ((comment-char (if (equal comment-start ";") ";;"
-						 (string-trim comment-start)))
-		 (comment-end-char (if (string-empty-p comment-end)
-							   comment-char
-							 (string-trim comment-end)))
-		 (line-char (if (equal comment-char ";;") "-" "#"))
-		 (comment (capitalize (string-trim (read-from-minibuffer "Comment: "))))
-		 (comment-length (length comment))
-		 (current-column-pos (current-column))
-		 (max-width (min fill-column 80))
-		 ;; Calculate available width between comment markers
-		 (available-width (- max-width
-							 current-column-pos
-							 (length comment-char)
-							 (length comment-end-char)))
-		 ;; Inner width is the width without the spaces after comment start and before comment end
-		 (inner-width (- available-width 2))
-		 ;; Calculate padding for each side of the centered text
-		 (padding-each-side (max 1 (/ (- inner-width comment-length) 2)))
-		 ;; Adjust for odd-length comments
-		 (right-padding (if (= (% (- inner-width comment-length) 2) 0)
-							padding-each-side
-						  (1+ padding-each-side))))
-
-	;; Check if we have enough space
-	(if (< inner-width (+ comment-length 4)) ; minimum sensible width
-		(message "Comment string is too big to fit in one line")
-	  (progn
-		;; Top line - fill entirely with line characters except for space after comment start
-		(insert comment-char)
-        (insert " ")
-        (insert (make-string inner-width (string-to-char line-char)))
-		(insert " ")
-		(insert comment-end-char)
-		(newline)
-
-		;; Add indentation on the new line to match current column
-		(dotimes (_ current-column-pos) (insert " "))
-
-		;; Middle line with centered text
-		(insert comment-char)
-		(insert " ")
-		;; Left padding
-		(dotimes (_ padding-each-side) (insert " "))
-		;; The comment text
-		(insert comment)
-		;; Right padding
-		(dotimes (_ right-padding) (insert " "))
-		(insert " ")
-		(insert comment-end-char)
-		(newline)
-
-		;; Add indentation on the new line to match current column
-		(dotimes (_ current-column-pos) (insert " "))
-
-		;; Bottom line - same as top line
-		(insert comment-char)
-		(insert " ")
-		(dotimes (_ inner-width) (insert line-char))
-		(insert " ")
-		(insert comment-end-char)
-		(newline)))))
-
-(defun cj/comment-hyphen()
-  "Insert a centered comment with '-' (hyphens) on each side."
-  (interactive)
-  (cj/comment-centered "-"))
-
-(defun cj/delete-buffer-comments ()
-  "Delete all comments within the current buffer."
-  (interactive)
-  (goto-char (point-min))
-  (let (kill-ring)
-    (comment-kill (count-lines (point-min) (point-max)))))
-
-;; Comment styles & removal prefix and keymap
-(define-prefix-command 'cj/comment-map nil
-                       "Keymap for comment styling and removal.")
-(define-key cj/custom-keymap "C" 'cj/comment-map)
-(define-key cj/comment-map "r" 'cj/comment-reformat)
-(define-key cj/comment-map "c" 'cj/comment-centered)
-(define-key cj/comment-map "-" 'cj/comment-hyphen)
-(define-key cj/comment-map "b" 'cj/comment-box)
-(define-key cj/comment-map "D" 'cj/delete-buffer-comments)
-
-;;; ---------------------- Ordering And Sorting Operations ----------------------
-
-(defun cj/arrayify (start end quote)
-  "Convert lines between START and END into quoted, comma-separated strings.
-
-START and END identify the active region.
-QUOTE specifies the quotation characters to surround each element."
-  (interactive "r\nMQuotation character to use for array element: ")
-  (let ((insertion
-		 (mapconcat
-		  (lambda (x) (format "%s%s%s" quote x quote))
-		  (split-string (buffer-substring start end)) ", ")))
-	(delete-region start end)
-	(insert insertion)))
-
-(defun cj/unarrayify (start end)
-  "Convert quoted, comma-separated strings between START and END into separate lines.
-
-START and END identify the active region."
-  (interactive "r")
-  (let ((insertion
-		 (mapconcat
-		  (lambda (x) (replace-regexp-in-string "[\"']" "" x))
-		  (split-string (buffer-substring start end) ", ") "\n")))
-	(delete-region start end)
-	(insert insertion)))
-
-(defun cj/alphabetize-region ()
-  "Alphabetize words in the active region and replace the original text.
-
-Produce a comma-separated list as the result."
-  (interactive)
-  (unless (use-region-p)
-    (user-error "No region selected"))
-  (let ((start (region-beginning))
-        (end (region-end))
-        (string (buffer-substring-no-properties (region-beginning) (region-end))))
-	(delete-region start end)
-	(goto-char start)
-	(insert
-	 (mapconcat #'identity
-				(sort (split-string string "[[:space:],]+" t)
-					  #'string-lessp)
-				", "))))
-
-(defun cj/comma-separated-text-to-lines ()
-  "Break up comma-separated text in the active region so each item is on its own line."
-  (interactive)
-  (if (not (region-active-p))
-	  (error "No region selected"))
-
-  (let ((beg (region-beginning))
-		(end (region-end))
-		(text (buffer-substring-no-properties (region-beginning) (region-end))))
-	(with-temp-buffer
-	  (insert text)
-	  (goto-char (point-min))
-	  (while (search-forward "," nil t)
-		(replace-match "\n" nil t))
-	  (delete-trailing-whitespace)
-	  (setq text (buffer-string)))
-
-	(delete-region beg end)
-	(goto-char beg)
-	(insert text)))
-
-
-;; Ordering & sorting prefix and keymap
-(define-prefix-command 'cj/ordering-map nil
-					   "Keymap for text ordering and sorting operations.")
-(define-key cj/custom-keymap "o" 'cj/ordering-map)
-(define-key cj/ordering-map "a" 'cj/arrayify)
-(define-key cj/ordering-map "u" 'cj/unarrayify)
-(define-key cj/ordering-map "A" 'cj/alphabetize-region)
-(define-key cj/ordering-map "l" 'cj/comma-separated-text-to-lines)
-
-;;; --------------------------- Case Change Operations --------------------------
-
-(defun cj/title-case-region ()
-  "Capitalize the region in title case format.
-
-Title case is a capitalization convention where major words
-are capitalized,and most minor words are lowercase.  Nouns,
-verbs (including linking verbs), adjectives, adverbs,pronouns,
-and all words of four letters or more are considered major words.
-Short (i.e., three letters or fewer) conjunctions, short prepositions,
-and all articles are considered minor words."
-  (interactive)
-  (let ((beg nil)
-		(end nil)
-		(prev-word-end nil)
-		;; Allow capitals for skip characters after this, so:
-		;;   Warning: An Example
-		;; Capitalizes the `An'.
-		(chars-skip-reset '(?: ?! ??))
-		;; Don't capitalize characters directly after these. e.g.
-		;; "Foo-bar" or "Foo\bar" or "Foo's".
-
-		(chars-separator '(?\\ ?- ?' ?.))
-
-		(word-chars "[:alnum:]")
-		(word-skip
-		 (list "a" "an" "and" "as" "at" "but" "by"
-			   "for" "if" "in" "is" "nor" "of"
-			   "on" "or" "so" "the" "to" "yet"))
-		(is-first t))
-	(cond
-	 ((region-active-p)
-	  (setq beg (region-beginning))
-	  (setq end (region-end)))
-	 (t
-	  (setq beg (line-beginning-position))
-	  (setq end (line-end-position))))
-	(save-excursion
-	  ;; work on uppercased text (e.g., headlines) by downcasing first
-      (downcase-region beg end)
-	  (goto-char beg)
-
-	  (while (< (point) end)
-		(setq prev-word-end (point))
-		(skip-chars-forward (concat "^" word-chars) end)
-		(let ((word-end
-			   (save-excursion
-				 (skip-chars-forward word-chars end)
-				 (point))))
-
-		  (unless (memq (char-before (point)) chars-separator)
-			(let* ((c-orig (char-to-string (char-after (point))))
-				   (c-up (capitalize c-orig)))
-			  (unless (string-equal c-orig c-up)
-				(let ((word (buffer-substring-no-properties (point) word-end)))
-				  (when
-					  (or
-					   ;; Always allow capitalization.
-					   is-first
-					   ;; If it's not a skip word, allow.
-					   (not (member word word-skip))
-					   ;; Check the beginning of the previous word doesn't reset first.
-					   (save-excursion
-						 (and
-						  (not (zerop
-								(skip-chars-backward "[:blank:]" prev-word-end)))
-						  (memq (char-before (point)) chars-skip-reset))))
-					(delete-region (point) (1+ (point)))
-					(insert c-up))))))
-		  (goto-char word-end)
-		  (setq is-first nil))))))
-
-;; replace the capitalize-region keybinding to call title-case
-(global-set-key [remap capitalize-region] 'cj/title-case-region)
-
-(defun cj/upcase-dwim ()
-  "Upcase the active region, or upcase the symbol at point if no region."
-  (interactive)
-  (if (use-region-p)
-	  (upcase-region (region-beginning) (region-end))
-	(let ((bounds (bounds-of-thing-at-point 'symbol)))
-	  (if bounds
-		  (upcase-region (car bounds) (cdr bounds))
-		(user-error "No symbol at point")))))
-
-(defun cj/downcase-dwim ()
-  "Downcase the active region, or downcase the symbol at point if no region."
-  (interactive)
-  (if (use-region-p)
-	  (downcase-region (region-beginning) (region-end))
-	(let ((bounds (bounds-of-thing-at-point 'symbol)))
-	  (if bounds
-		  (downcase-region (car bounds) (cdr bounds))
-		(user-error "No symbol at point")))))
-
-;; Case-change operations prefix and keymap
-(define-prefix-command 'cj/case-map nil
-					   "Keymap for case-change operations.")
-(define-key cj/custom-keymap "c" 'cj/case-map)
-(define-key cj/case-map "t" 'cj/title-case-region)
-(define-key cj/case-map "u" 'cj/upcase-dwim)
-(define-key cj/case-map "l" 'cj/downcase-dwim) ;; for "lower" case
-
-(provide 'custom-functions)
-;;; custom-functions.el ends here.
diff --git a/modules/custom-line-paragraph.el b/modules/custom-line-paragraph.el
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..334aa8d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/custom-line-paragraph.el
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+;;; custom-line-paragraph.el ---  -*- coding: utf-8; lexical-binding: t; -*-
+
+;;; Commentary:
+;;
+
+;;; Code:
+
+(use-package expand-region
+  :demand t) ;; used w/in join paragraph
+
+(defun cj/join-line-or-region ()
+  "Join lines in the active region or join the current line with the previous one."
+  (interactive)
+  (if (use-region-p)
+	  (let ((beg (region-beginning))
+			(end (copy-marker (region-end))))
+		(goto-char beg)
+		(while (< (point) end)
+		  (join-line 1))
+		(goto-char end)
+		(newline))
+	;; No region - only join if there's a previous line
+	(when (> (line-number-at-pos) 1)
+	  (join-line))
+	(newline)))
+
+(defun cj/join-paragraph ()
+  "Join all lines in the current paragraph using `cj/join-line-or-region'."
+  (interactive)
+  (er/mark-paragraph) ;; from package expand region
+  (cj/join-line-or-region (region-beginning)(region-end))
+  (forward-line))
+
+(defun cj/duplicate-line-or-region (&optional comment)
+  "Duplicate the current line or active region below.
+
+Comment the duplicated text when optional COMMENT is non-nil."
+  (interactive "P")
+  (let* ((b (if (region-active-p) (region-beginning) (line-beginning-position)))
+		 (e (if (region-active-p) (region-end) (line-end-position)))
+		 (lines (split-string (buffer-substring-no-properties b e) "\n")))
+	(save-excursion
+	  (goto-char e)
+	  (dolist (line lines)
+		(open-line 1)
+		(forward-line 1)
+		(insert line)
+		;; If the COMMENT prefix argument is non-nil, comment the inserted text
+		(when comment
+		  (comment-region (line-beginning-position) (line-end-position)))))))
+
+(defun cj/remove-duplicate-lines-region-or-buffer ()
+  "Remove duplicate lines in the region or buffer, keeping the first occurrence.
+
+Operate on the active region when one exists; otherwise operate on the whole buffer."
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((start (if (use-region-p) (region-beginning) (point-min)))
+		(end (if (use-region-p) (region-end) (point-max))))
+	(save-excursion
+	  (let ((end-marker (copy-marker end)))
+		(while
+			(progn
+			  (goto-char start)
+			  (re-search-forward "^\\(.*\\)\n\\(\\(.*\n\\)*\\)\\1\n" end-marker t))
+		  (replace-match "\\1\n\\2"))))))
+
+
+(defun cj/remove-lines-containing (text)
+  "Remove all lines containing TEXT.
+
+If region is active, operate only on the region, otherwise on entire buffer.
+The operation is undoable."
+  (interactive "sRemove lines containing: ")
+  (save-excursion
+	(save-restriction
+	  (let ((region-active (use-region-p))
+			(count 0))
+		(when region-active
+		  (narrow-to-region (region-beginning) (region-end)))
+		(goto-char (point-min))
+		;; Count lines before deletion
+		(while (re-search-forward (regexp-quote text) nil t)
+		  (setq count (1+ count))
+		  (beginning-of-line)
+		  (forward-line))
+		;; Go back and delete
+		(goto-char (point-min))
+		(delete-matching-lines (regexp-quote text))
+		;; Report what was done
+		(message "Removed %d line%s containing '%s' from %s"
+				 count
+				 (if (= count 1) "" "s")
+				 text
+				 (if region-active "region" "buffer"))))))
+
+(defun cj/underscore-line ()
+  "Underline the current line by inserting a row of characters below it.
+
+If the line is empty or contains only whitespace, abort with a message."
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((line (buffer-substring-no-properties
+			   (line-beginning-position)
+			   (line-end-position))))
+	(if (string-match-p "^[[:space:]]*$" line)
+		(message "Line empty or only whitespace. Aborting.")
+	  (let* ((char (read-char "Enter character for underlining: "))
+			 (len  (save-excursion
+					 (goto-char (line-end-position))
+					 (current-column))))
+		(save-excursion
+		  (end-of-line)
+		  (insert "\n" (make-string len char)))))))
+
+
+;; Line & paragraph operations prefix and keymap
+(define-prefix-command 'cj/line-and-paragraph-map nil
+					   "Keymap for line and paragraph manipulation.")
+(define-key cj/custom-keymap "l" 'cj/line-and-paragraph-map)
+(define-key cj/line-and-paragraph-map "j" 'cj/join-line-or-region)
+(define-key cj/line-and-paragraph-map "J" 'cj/join-paragraph)
+(define-key cj/line-and-paragraph-map "d" 'cj/duplicate-line-or-region)
+(define-key cj/line-and-paragraph-map "R" 'cj/remove-duplicate-lines-region-or-buffer)
+(define-key cj/line-and-paragraph-map "r" 'cj/remove-lines-containing)
+(define-key cj/line-and-paragraph-map "u" 'cj/underscore-line)
+
+(provide 'custom-line-paragraph)
+;;; custom-line-paragraph.el ends here.
diff --git a/modules/custom-misc.el b/modules/custom-misc.el
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d6a359a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/custom-misc.el
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+;;; custom-misc.el ---  -*- coding: utf-8; lexical-binding: t; -*-
+
+;;; Commentary:
+;;
+
+;;; Code:
+
+
+(defun cj/jump-to-matching-paren ()
+  "Jump to the matching parenthesis when point is on one.
+
+Signal a message when point is not on a parenthesis."
+  (interactive)
+  (cond ((looking-at "\\s\(\\|\\s\{\\|\\s\[")
+		 (forward-list))
+		((looking-back "\\s\)\\|\\s\}\\|\\s\\]")
+		 (backward-list))
+		(t (message "Cursor doesn't follow parenthesis, so there's no match."))))
+
+(defun cj/format-region-or-buffer ()
+  "Reformat the region or the entire buffer.
+Replaces tabs with spaces, deletes trailing whitespace, and reindents the region."
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((start-pos (if (use-region-p) (region-beginning) (point-min)))
+		(end-pos (if (use-region-p) (region-end) (point-max))))
+	(save-excursion
+	  (save-restriction
+		(narrow-to-region start-pos end-pos)
+		(untabify (point-min) (point-max)))
+	  (indent-region (point-min) (point-max))
+	  (delete-trailing-whitespace))))
+
+(defun cj/count-words-buffer-or-region ()
+  "Count the number of words in the buffer or region.
+Display the result in the minibuffer and *Messages* buffer."
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((begin (point-min))
+		(end (point-max))
+		(area_type "the buffer"))
+	(when mark-active
+	  (setq begin (region-beginning)
+			end (region-end)
+			area_type "the region"))
+	(message (format "There are %d words in %s." (count-words begin end) area_type))))
+
+(defun cj/replace-fraction-glyphs (start end)
+  "Replace common fraction glyphs between START and END.
+Operate on the buffer or region designated by START and END.
+Replace the text representations with glyphs when called with a \[universal-argument] prefix."
+  (interactive (if (use-region-p)
+				   (list (region-beginning) (region-end))
+				 (list (point-min) (point-max))))
+  (let ((replacements (if current-prefix-arg
+						  '(("1/4" . "¼")
+							("1/2" . "½")
+							("3/4" . "¾")
+							("1/3" .  "⅓")
+							("2/3" . "⅔"))
+						'(("¼" . "1/4")
+						  ("½" . "1/2")
+						  ("¾" . "3/4")
+						  ("⅓" . "1/3")
+						  ("⅔" . "2/3")))))
+	(save-excursion
+	  (dolist (r replacements)
+		(goto-char start)
+		(while (search-forward (car r) end t)
+		  (replace-match (cdr r)))))))
+
+(defun cj/align-regexp-with-spaces (orig-fun &rest args)
+  "Call ORIG-FUN with ARGS while temporarily disabling tabs for alignment.
+
+This advice ensures `align-regexp' uses spaces by binding `indent-tabs-mode' to nil."
+  (let ((indent-tabs-mode nil))
+	(apply orig-fun args)))
+
+(advice-remove 'align-regexp #'align-regexp-with-spaces) ; in case this is reloaded
+(advice-add    'align-regexp :around #'cj/align-regexp-with-spaces)
+
+
+(define-key cj/custom-keymap ")" 'cj/jump-to-matching-paren)
+(define-key cj/custom-keymap "f" 'cj/format-region-or-buffer)
+(define-key cj/custom-keymap "W" 'cj/count-words-buffer-or-region)
+(define-key cj/custom-keymap "/" 'cj/replace-fraction-glyphs)
+(define-key cj/custom-keymap "A" 'align-regexp)
+(define-key cj/custom-keymap "B" 'toggle-debug-on-error)
+(define-key cj/custom-keymap "|" 'display-fill-column-indicator-mode)
+
+(provide 'custom-misc)
+;;; custom-misc.el ends here.
diff --git a/modules/custom-ordering.el b/modules/custom-ordering.el
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..020e9254
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/custom-ordering.el
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+;;; custom-ordering.el ---  -*- coding: utf-8; lexical-binding: t; -*-
+
+;;; Commentary:
+;;
+
+;;; Code:
+
+
+(defun cj/arrayify (start end quote)
+  "Convert lines between START and END into quoted, comma-separated strings.
+
+START and END identify the active region.
+QUOTE specifies the quotation characters to surround each element."
+  (interactive "r\nMQuotation character to use for array element: ")
+  (let ((insertion
+		 (mapconcat
+		  (lambda (x) (format "%s%s%s" quote x quote))
+		  (split-string (buffer-substring start end)) ", ")))
+	(delete-region start end)
+	(insert insertion)))
+
+(defun cj/unarrayify (start end)
+  "Convert quoted, comma-separated strings between START and END into separate lines.
+
+START and END identify the active region."
+  (interactive "r")
+  (let ((insertion
+		 (mapconcat
+		  (lambda (x) (replace-regexp-in-string "[\"']" "" x))
+		  (split-string (buffer-substring start end) ", ") "\n")))
+	(delete-region start end)
+	(insert insertion)))
+
+(defun cj/alphabetize-region ()
+  "Alphabetize words in the active region and replace the original text.
+
+Produce a comma-separated list as the result."
+  (interactive)
+  (unless (use-region-p)
+	(user-error "No region selected"))
+  (let ((start (region-beginning))
+		(end (region-end))
+		(string (buffer-substring-no-properties (region-beginning) (region-end))))
+	(delete-region start end)
+	(goto-char start)
+	(insert
+	 (mapconcat #'identity
+				(sort (split-string string "[[:space:],]+" t)
+					  #'string-lessp)
+				", "))))
+
+(defun cj/comma-separated-text-to-lines ()
+  "Break up comma-separated text in the active region so each item is on its own line."
+  (interactive)
+  (if (not (region-active-p))
+	  (error "No region selected"))
+
+  (let ((beg (region-beginning))
+		(end (region-end))
+		(text (buffer-substring-no-properties (region-beginning) (region-end))))
+	(with-temp-buffer
+	  (insert text)
+	  (goto-char (point-min))
+	  (while (search-forward "," nil t)
+		(replace-match "\n" nil t))
+	  (delete-trailing-whitespace)
+	  (setq text (buffer-string)))
+
+	(delete-region beg end)
+	(goto-char beg)
+	(insert text)))
+
+
+;; Ordering & sorting prefix and keymap
+(define-prefix-command 'cj/ordering-map nil
+					   "Keymap for text ordering and sorting operations.")
+(define-key cj/custom-keymap "o" 'cj/ordering-map)
+(define-key cj/ordering-map "a" 'cj/arrayify)
+(define-key cj/ordering-map "u" 'cj/unarrayify)
+(define-key cj/ordering-map "A" 'cj/alphabetize-region)
+(define-key cj/ordering-map "l" 'cj/comma-separated-text-to-lines)
+
+(provide 'custom-ordering)
+;;; custom-ordering.el ends here.
diff --git a/modules/custom-text-enclose.el b/modules/custom-text-enclose.el
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c3f2135
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/custom-text-enclose.el
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+;;; custom-text-enclose.el ---  -*- coding: utf-8; lexical-binding: t; -*-
+
+;;; Commentary:
+;;
+
+;;; Code:
+
+(defun cj/surround-word-or-region ()
+  "Surround the word at point or active region with a string read from the minibuffer."
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((str (read-string "Surround with: "))
+        (regionp (use-region-p)))
+    (save-excursion
+      (if regionp
+          (let ((beg (region-beginning))
+                (end (region-end)))
+            (goto-char end)
+            (insert str)
+            (goto-char beg)
+            (insert str))
+        (if (thing-at-point 'word)
+            (let ((bounds (bounds-of-thing-at-point 'word)))
+              (goto-char (cdr bounds))
+              (insert str)
+              (goto-char (car bounds))
+              (insert str))
+          (message "Can't insert around. No word at point and no region selected."))))))
+
+(defun cj/append-to-lines-in-region-or-buffer (str)
+  "Append STR to the end of each line in the region or entire buffer."
+  (interactive "sEnter string to append: ")
+  (let ((start-pos (if (use-region-p)
+                       (region-beginning)
+                     (point-min)))
+        (end-pos (if (use-region-p)
+                     (region-end)
+                   (point-max))))
+    (save-excursion
+      (goto-char start-pos)
+      (while (< (point) end-pos)
+        (move-end-of-line 1)
+        (insert str)
+        (forward-line 1)))))
+
+(defun cj/prepend-to-lines-in-region-or-buffer (str)
+  "Prepend STR to the beginning of each line in the region or entire buffer."
+  (interactive "sEnter string to prepend: ")
+  (let ((start-pos (if (use-region-p)
+                       (region-beginning)
+                     (point-min)))
+        (end-pos (if (use-region-p)
+                     (region-end)
+                   (point-max))))
+    (save-excursion
+      (goto-char start-pos)
+      (while (< (point) end-pos)
+        (beginning-of-line 1)
+        (insert str)
+        (forward-line 1)))))
+
+;; Surround, append, prepend prefix keymap
+(define-prefix-command 'cj/enclose-map nil
+					   "Keymap for enclosing text: surrounding, appending, and prepending.")
+(define-key cj/custom-keymap "s" 'cj/enclose-map)
+(define-key cj/enclose-map "s" 'cj/surround-word-or-region)
+(define-key cj/enclose-map "a" 'cj/append-to-lines-in-region-or-buffer)
+(define-key cj/enclose-map "p" 'cj/prepend-to-lines-in-region-or-buffer)
+
+(provide 'custom-text-enclose)
+;;; custom-text-enclose.el ends here.
diff --git a/modules/custom-whitespace.el b/modules/custom-whitespace.el
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..48be080e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/custom-whitespace.el
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+;;; custom-whitespace.el ---  -*- coding: utf-8; lexical-binding: t; -*-
+
+;;; Commentary:
+;;
+
+;;; Code:
+
+
+;;; ---------------------- Whitespace Operations And Keymap ---------------------
+
+(defun cj/remove-leading-trailing-whitespace ()
+  "Remove leading and trailing whitespace in a region, line, or buffer.
+
+When called interactively:
+- If a region is active, operate on the region.
+- If called with a \[universal-argument] prefix, operate on the entire buffer.
+- Otherwise, operate on the current line."
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((start (cond (current-prefix-arg (point-min))
+					 ((use-region-p) (region-beginning))
+					 (t (line-beginning-position))))
+		(end (cond (current-prefix-arg (point-max))
+				   ((use-region-p) (region-end))
+				   (t (line-end-position)))))
+	(save-excursion
+	  (save-restriction
+		(narrow-to-region start end)
+		(goto-char (point-min))
+		(while (re-search-forward "^[ \t]+" nil t) (replace-match ""))
+		(goto-char (point-min))
+		(while (re-search-forward "[ \t]+$" nil t) (replace-match ""))))))
+
+(defun cj/collapse-whitespace-line-or-region ()
+  "Collapse whitespace to one space in the current line or active region.
+
+Ensure there is exactly one space between words and remove leading and trailing whitespace."
+  (interactive)
+  (save-excursion
+	(let* ((region-active (use-region-p))
+		   (beg (if region-active (region-beginning) (line-beginning-position)))
+		   (end (if region-active (region-end) (line-end-position))))
+	  (save-restriction
+		(narrow-to-region beg end)
+		;; Replace all tabs with space
+		(goto-char (point-min))
+		(while (search-forward "\t" nil t)
+		  (replace-match " " nil t))
+		;; Remove leading and trailing spaces
+		(goto-char (point-min))
+		(while (re-search-forward "^\\s-+\\|\\s-+$" nil t)
+		  (replace-match "" nil nil))
+		;; Ensure only one space between words/symbols
+		(goto-char (point-min))
+		(while (re-search-forward "\\s-\\{2,\\}" nil t)
+		  (replace-match " " nil nil))))))
+
+(defun cj/delete-blank-lines-region-or-buffer (start end)
+  "Delete blank lines between START and END.
+
+Treat blank lines as lines that contain nothing or only whitespace.
+Operate on the active region when one exists.
+Prompt before operating on the whole buffer when no region is selected.
+Signal a user error and do nothing when the user declines.
+Restore point to its original position after deletion."
+  (interactive
+   (if (use-region-p)
+	   ;; grab its boundaries if there's a region
+	   (list (region-beginning) (region-end))
+	 ;; or ask if user intended operating on whole buffer
+	 (if (yes-or-no-p "Delete blank lines in entire buffer? ")
+		 (list (point-min) (point-max))
+	   (user-error "Aborted"))))
+  (save-excursion
+	(save-restriction
+	  (widen)
+	  ;; Regexp "^[[:space:]]*$" matches lines of zero or more spaces/tabs.
+	  (flush-lines "^[[:space:]]*$" start end)))
+  ;; Return nil (Emacs conventions). Point is already restored.
+  nil)
+
+(defun cj/hyphenate-whitespace-in-region (start end)
+  "Replace runs of whitespace between START and END with hyphens.
+
+Operate on the active region designated by START and END."
+  (interactive "*r")
+  (if (use-region-p)
+	  (save-excursion
+		(save-restriction
+		  (narrow-to-region start end)
+		  (goto-char (point-min))
+		  (while (re-search-forward "[ \t\n\r]+" nil t)
+			(replace-match "-"))))
+	(message "No region; nothing to hyphenate.")))
+
+
+;; Whitespace operations prefix and keymap
+(define-prefix-command 'cj/whitespace-map nil
+					   "Keymap for whitespace operations.")
+(define-key cj/custom-keymap "w" 'cj/whitespace-map)
+(define-key cj/whitespace-map "r" 'cj/remove-leading-trailing-whitespace)
+(define-key cj/whitespace-map "c" 'cj/collapse-whitespace-line-or-region)
+(define-key cj/whitespace-map "l" 'cj/delete-blank-lines-region-or-buffer)
+(define-key cj/whitespace-map "-" 'cj/hyphenate-whitespace-in-region)
+
+(provide 'custom-whitespace)
+;;; custom-whitespace.el ends here.
diff --git a/todo.org b/todo.org
index 3894cbb1..d4596469 100644
--- a/todo.org
+++ b/todo.org
@@ -992,6 +992,11 @@ Org-roam and its database sync run at startup. Load Org-roam only when Org is ac
 ** TODO [#C] Git Timemachine Litters Empty Buffers                    :bug:
 Don't choose a revision and you'll see a blank buffer that needs to be killed
 ** TODO [#C] Org Keyword Discolored Until Reapplying Theme            :bug:
+** TODO [#B] Selecting enter on flac file in dirvish causes error
+cond: external-open: unsupported host environment
+** TODO [#B] m4a files in playlist play in external mplayer not in EMMS
+Nothing in Messages buffer
+
 * Emacs Config Next Release: 0.9
 ** DOING [#A] Jumper Package                                   :enhancement:
 *** Specification