path: root/assets/info/zsh.info-5

This is zsh.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from ./zsh.texi.

INFO-DIR-SECTION Utilities
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* ZSH: (zsh).                     The Z Shell Manual.
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File: zsh.info,  Node: Calendar System User Functions,  Next: Calendar Styles,  Prev: Calendar File and Date Formats,  Up: Calendar Function System

23.3 User Functions
===================

This section describes functions that are designed to be called
directly by the user.  The first part describes those functions
associated with the user's calendar; the second part describes the use
in glob qualifiers.



23.3.1 Calendar system functions
--------------------------------


calendar [ -abdDsv ] [ -C CALFILE ] [ -n NUM ] [ -S SHOWPROG ]
         [ [ START ] END ]
calendar -r [ -abdDrsv ] [ -C CALFILE ] [ -n NUM ] [ -S SHOWPROG ]
         [ START ]
     Show events in the calendar.

     With no arguments, show events from the start of today until the
     end of the next working day after today.  In other words, if today
     is Friday, Saturday, or Sunday, show up to the end of the
     following Monday, otherwise show today and tomorrow.

     If END is given, show events from the start of today up to the time
     and date given, which is in the format described in the previous
     section.  Note that if this is a date the time is assumed to be
     midnight at the start of the date, so that effectively this shows
     all events before the given date.

     END may start with a +, in which case the remainder of the
     specification is a relative time format as described in the
     previous section indicating the range of time from the start time
     that is to be included.

     If START is also given, show events starting from that time and
     date.  The word now can be used to indicate the current time.

     To implement an alert when events are due, include calendar -s in
     your ~/.zshrc file.

     Options:


    -a
          Show all items in the calendar, regardless of the start and
          end.

    -b
          Brief:  don't display continuation lines (i.e. indented lines
          following the line with the date/time), just the first line.

    -B LINES
          Brief: display at most the first LINES lines of the calendar
          entry.  `-B 1' is equivalent to `-b'.

    -C CALFILE
          Explicitly specify a calendar file instead of the value of
          the calendar-file style or the default ~/calendar.

    -d
          Move any events that have passed from the calendar file to the
          "done" file, as given by the done-file style or the default
          which is the calendar file with .done appended.  This option
          is implied by the -s option.

    -D
          Turns off the option -d, even if the -s option is also
          present.

    -n NUM, -NUM
          Show at least NUM events, if present in the calendar file,
          regardless of the start and end.

    -r
          Show all the remaining options in the calendar, ignoring the
          given END time.  The START time is respected; any argument
          given is treated as a START time.

    -s
          Use the shell's sched command to schedule a timed event that
          will warn the user when an event is due.  Note that the sched
          command only runs if the shell is at an interactive prompt; a
          foreground task blocks the scheduled task from running until
          it is finished.

          The timed event usually runs the programme calendar_show to
          show the event, as described in *Note Calendar Utility
          Functions::.

          By default, a warning of the event is shown five minutes
          before it is due.  The warning period can be configured by
          the style warn-time or for a single calendar entry by
          including WARN RELTIME in the first line of the entry, where
          RELTIME is one of the usual relative time formats.

          A repeated event may be indicated by including RPT RELDATE in
          the first line of the entry.  After the scheduled event has
          been displayed it will be re-entered into the calendar file
          at a time RELDATE after the existing event.  Note that this
          is currently the only use made of the repeat count, so that
          it is not possible to query the schedule for a recurrence of
          an event in the calendar until the previous event has passed.

          If RPT is used, it is also possible to specify that certain
          recurrences of an event are rescheduled or cancelled.  This is
          done with the OCCURRENCE keyword, followed by whitespace and
          the date and time of the occurrence in the regular sequence,
          followed by whitespace and either the date and time of the
          rescheduled event or the exact string CANCELLED.  In this
          case the date and time must be in exactly the "date with
          local time" format used by the text/calendar MIME type (RFC
          2445), <YYYY><MM><DD>T<HH><MM><SS> (note the presence of the
          literal character T).  The first word (the regular
          recurrence) may be something other than a proper date/time to
          indicate that the event is additional to the normal sequence;
          a convention that retains the formatting appearance is
          XXXXXXXXTXXXXXX.

          Furthermore, it is useful to record the next regular
          recurrence (as then the displayed date may be for a
          rescheduled event so cannot be used for calculating the
          regular sequence).  This is specified by RECURRENCE and a
          time or date in the same format.  calendar_add adds such an
          indication when it encounters a recurring event that does not
          include one, based on the headline date/time.

          If calendar_add is used to update occurrences the UID keyword
          described there should be present in both the existing entry
          and the added occurrence in order to identify recurring event
          sequences.

          For example,


               Thu May 6, 2010 11:00 Informal chat RPT 1 week
                 # RECURRENCE 20100506T110000
                 # OCCURRENCE 20100513T110000 20100513T120000
                 # OCCURRENCE 20100520T110000 CANCELLED

          The event that occurs at 11:00 on 13th May 2010 is
          rescheduled an hour later.  The event that occurs a week
          later is cancelled.  The occurrences are given on a
          continuation line starting with a # character so will not
          usually be displayed as part of the event.  As elsewhere, no
          account of time zones is taken with the times. After the next
          event occurs the headline date/time will be `Thu May 13, 2010
          12:00' while the RECURRENCE date/time will be
          `20100513T110000' (note that cancelled and moved events are
          not taken account of in the RECURRENCE, which records what
          the next regular recurrence is, but they are accounted for in
          the headline date/time).

          It is safe to run calendar -s to reschedule an existing event
          (if the calendar file has changed, for example), and also to
          have it running in multiples instances of the shell since the
          calendar file is locked when in use.

          By default, expired events are moved to the "done" file; see
          the -d option.  Use -D to prevent this.

    -S SHOWPROG
          Explicitly specify a programme to be used for showing events
          instead of the value of the show-prog style or the default
          calendar_show.

    -v
          Verbose:  show more information about stages of processing.
          This is useful for confirming that the function has
          successfully parsed the dates in the calendar file.


calendar_add [ -BL ] EVENT ...
     Adds a single event to the calendar in the appropriate location.
     The event can contain multiple lines, as described in *Note
     Calendar File and Date Formats::.  Using this function ensures
     that the calendar file is sorted in date and time order.  It also
     makes special arrangements for locking the file while it is
     altered.  The old calendar is left in a file with the suffix .old.

     The option -B indicates that backing up the calendar file will be
     handled by the caller and should not be performed by calendar_add.
     The option -L indicates that calendar_add does not need to lock
     the calendar file as it is already locked.  These options will not
     usually be needed by users.

     If the style reformat-date is true, the date and time of the new
     entry will be rewritten into the standard date format:  see the
     descriptions of this style and the style date-format.

     The function can use a unique identifier stored with each event to
     ensure that updates to existing events are treated correctly.  The
     entry should contain the word UID, followed by whitespace,
     followed by a word consisting entirely of hexadecimal digits of
     arbitrary length (all digits are significant, including leading
     zeroes).  As the UID is not directly useful to the user, it is
     convenient to hide it on an indented continuation line starting
     with a #, for example:


          Aug 31, 2007 09:30  Celebrate the end of the holidays
            # UID 045B78A0

     The second line will not be shown by the calendar function.

     It is possible to specify the RPT keyword followed by CANCELLED
     instead of a relative time.  This causes any matched event or
     series of events to be cancelled (the original event does not have
     to be marked as recurring in order to be cancelled by this
     method).  A UID is required in order to match an existing event in
     the calendar.

     calendar_add will attempt to manage recurrences and occurrences of
     repeating events as described for event scheduling by calendar -s
     above.  To reschedule or cancel a single event calendar_add should
     be called with an entry that includes the correct UID but does
     _not_ include the RPT keyword as this is taken to mean the entry
     applies to a series of repeating events and hence replaces all
     existing information.  Each rescheduled or cancelled occurrence
     must have an OCCURRENCE keyword in the entry passed to
     calendar_add which will be merged into the calendar file.  Any
     existing reference to the occurrence is replaced.  An occurrence
     that does not refer to a valid existing event is added as a
     one-off occurrence to the same calendar entry.

calendar_edit
     This calls the user's editor to edit the calendar file.  If there
     are arguments, they are taken as the editor to use (the file name
     is appended to the commands); otherwise, the editor is given by the
     variable VISUAL, if set, else the variable EDITOR.

     If the calendar scheduler was running, then after editing the file
     calendar -s is called to update it.

     This function locks out the calendar system during the edit.
     Hence it should be used to edit the calendar file if there is any
     possibility of a calendar event occurring meanwhile.  Note this
     can lead to another shell with calendar functions enabled hanging
     waiting for a lock, so it is necessary to quit the editor as soon
     as possible.

calendar_parse CALENDAR-ENTRY
     This is the internal function that analyses the parts of a calendar
     entry, which is passed as the only argument.  The function returns
     status 1 if the argument could not be parsed as a calendar entry
     and status 2 if the wrong number of arguments were passed; it also
     sets the parameter reply to an empty associative array.  Otherwise,
     it returns status 0 and sets elements of the associative array
     reply as follows:


    time
          The time as a string of digits in the same units as
          $EPOCHSECONDS

    schedtime
          The regularly scheduled time.  This may differ from the
          actual event time time if this is a recurring event and the
          next occurrence has been rescheduled.  Then time gives the
          actual time and schedtime the time of the regular recurrence
          before modification.

    text1
          The text from the line not including the date and time of the
          event, but including any WARN or RPT keywords and values.

    warntime
          Any warning time given by the WARN keyword as a string of
          digits containing the time at which to warn in the same units
          as $EPOCHSECONDS.  (Note this is an absolute time, not the
          relative time passed down.)  Not set no WARN keyword and
          value were matched.

    warnstr
          The raw string matched after the WARN keyword, else unset.

    rpttime
          Any recurrence time given by the RPT keyword as a string of
          digits containing the time of the recurrence in the same units
          as $EPOCHSECONDS.  (Note this is an absolute time.)  Not set
          if no RPT keyword and value were matched.

    schedrpttime
          The next regularly scheduled occurrence of a recurring event
          before modification.  This may differ from rpttime, which is
          the actual time of the event that may have been rescheduled
          from the regular time.

    rptstr
          The raw string matched after the RPT keyword, else unset.

    text2
          The text from the line after removal of the date and any
          keywords and values.


     
calendar_showdate [ -r ] [ -f FMT ] DATE-SPEC ...
     The given DATE-SPEC is interpreted and the corresponding date and
     time printed.  If the initial DATE-SPEC begins with a + or - it is
     treated as relative to the current time; DATE-SPECs after the
     first are treated as relative to the date calculated so far and a
     leading + is optional in that case.  This allows one to use the
     system as a date calculator.  For example, calendar_showdate '+1
     month, 1st Friday' shows the date of the first Friday of next
     month.

     With the option -r nothing is printed but the value of the date and
     time in seconds since the epoch is stored in the parameter REPLY.

     With the option -f FMT the given date/time conversion format is
     passed to strftime; see notes on the date-format style below.

     In order to avoid ambiguity with negative relative date
     specifications, options must occur in separate words; in other
     words, -r and -f should not be combined in the same word.

calendar_sort
     Sorts the calendar file into date and time order.    The old
     calendar is left in a file with the suffix .old.



23.3.2 Glob qualifiers
----------------------


age
     The function age can be autoloaded and use separately from the
     calendar system, although it uses the function calendar_scandate
     for date formatting.  It requires the zsh/stat builtin, but uses
     only the builtin zstat.

     age selects files having a given modification time for use as a
     glob qualifier.  The format of the date is the same as that
     understood by the calendar system, described in *Note Calendar
     File and Date Formats::.

     The function can take one or two arguments, which can be supplied
     either directly as command or arguments, or separately as shell
     parameters.


          print *(e:age 2006/10/04 2006/10/09:)

     The example above matches all files modified between the start of
     those dates.  The second argument may alternatively be a relative
     time introduced by a +:


          print *(e:age 2006/10/04 +5d:)

     The example above is equivalent to the previous example.

     In addition to the special use of days of the week, today and
     yesterday, times with no date may be specified; these apply to
     today.  Obviously such uses become problematic around midnight.


          print *(e-age 12:00 13:30-)

     The example above shows files modified between 12:00 and 13:00
     today.


          print *(e:age 2006/10/04:)

     The example above matches all files modified on that date.  If the
     second argument is omitted it is taken to be exactly 24 hours
     after the first argument (even if the first argument contains a
     time).


          print *(e-age 2006/10/04:10:15 2006/10/04:10:45-)

     The example above supplies times.  Note that whitespace within the
     time and date specification must be quoted to ensure age receives
     the correct arguments, hence the use of the additional colon to
     separate the date and time.


          AGEREF=2006/10/04:10:15
          AGEREF2=2006/10/04:10:45
          print *(+age)

     This shows the same example before using another form of argument
     passing.  The dates and times in the parameters AGEREF and AGEREF2
     stay in effect until unset, but will be overridden if any argument
     is passed as an explicit argument to age.  Any explicit argument
     causes both parameters to be ignored.

     Instead of an explicit date and time, it's possible to use the
     modification time of a file as the date and time for either
     argument by introducing the file name with a colon:


          print *(e-age :file1-)

     matches all files created on the same day (24 hours starting from
     midnight) as file1.


          print *(e-age :file1 :file2-)

     matches all files modified no earlier than file1 and no later than
     file2; precision here is to the nearest second.

after
before
     The functions after and before are simpler versions of age that
     take just one argument.  The argument is parsed similarly to an
     argument of age; if it is not given the variable AGEREF is
     consulted.  As the names of the functions suggest, a file matches
     if its modification time is after or before the time and date
     specified.  If a time only is given the date is today.

     The two following examples are therefore equivalent:
          print *(e-after 12:00-)
          print *(e-after today:12:00-)




File: zsh.info,  Node: Calendar Styles,  Next: Calendar Utility Functions,  Prev: Calendar System User Functions,  Up: Calendar Function System

23.4 Styles
===========

The zsh style mechanism using the zstyle command is describe in *Note
The zsh/zutil Module::.  This is the same mechanism used in the
completion system.

The styles below are all examined in the context :datetime:FUNCTION:,
for example :datetime:calendar:.


calendar-file
     The location of the main calendar.  The default is ~/calendar.

date-format
     A strftime format string (see man page strftime(3)) with the zsh
     extensions providing various numbers with no leading zero or space
     if the number is a single digit as described for the %D{STRING}
     prompt format in *Note Prompt Expansion::.

     This is used for outputting dates in calendar, both to support the
     -v option and when adding recurring events back to the calendar
     file, and in calendar_showdate as the final output format.

     If the style is not set, the default used is similar the standard
     system format as output by the date command (also known as `ctime
     format'): `%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Z %Y'.

done-file
     The location of the file to which events which have passed are
     appended.  The default is the calendar file location with the
     suffix .done.  The style may be set to an empty string in which
     case a "done" file will not be maintained.

reformat-date
     Boolean, used by calendar_add.  If it is true, the date and time
     of new entries added to the calendar will be reformatted to the
     format given by the style date-format or its default.  Only the
     date and time of the event itself is reformatted; any subsidiary
     dates and times such as those associated with repeat and warning
     times are left alone.

show-prog
     The programme run by calendar for showing events.  It will be
     passed the start time and stop time of the events requested in
     seconds since the epoch followed by the event text.  Note that
     calendar -s uses a start time and stop time equal to one another
     to indicate alerts for specific events.

     The default is the function calendar_show.

warn-time
     The time before an event at which a warning will be displayed, if
     the first line of the event does not include the text EVENT
     RELTIME.  The default is 5 minutes.




File: zsh.info,  Node: Calendar Utility Functions,  Next: Calendar Bugs,  Prev: Calendar Styles,  Up: Calendar Function System

23.5 Utility functions
======================


calendar_lockfiles
     Attempt to lock the files given in the argument.  To prevent
     problems with network file locking this is done in an ad hoc
     fashion by attempting to create a symbolic link to the file with
     the name FILE.lockfile.  No other system level functions are used
     for locking, i.e. the file can be accessed and modified by any
     utility that does not use this mechanism.  In particular, the user
     is not prevented from editing the calendar file at the same time
     unless calendar_edit is used.

     Three attempts are made to lock the file before giving up.  If the
     module zsh/zselect is available, the times of the attempts are
     jittered so that multiple instances of the calling function are
     unlikely to retry at the same time.

     The files locked are appended to the array lockfiles, which should
     be local to the caller.

     If all files were successfully locked, status zero is returned,
     else status one.

     This function may be used as a general file locking function,
     although this will only work if only this mechanism is used to
     lock files.

calendar_read
     This is a backend used by various other functions to parse the
     calendar file, which is passed as the only argument.  The array
     calendar_entries is set to the list of events in the file; no
     pruning is done except that ampersands are removed from the start
     of the line.  Each entry may contain multiple lines.

calendar_scandate
     This is a generic function to parse dates and times that may be
     used separately from the calendar system.  The argument is a date
     or time specification as described in *Note Calendar File and Date
     Formats::.  The parameter REPLY is set to the number of seconds
     since the epoch corresponding to that date or time.  By default,
     the date and time may occur anywhere within the given argument.

     Returns status zero if the date and time were successfully parsed,
     else one.

     Options:
    -a
          The date and time are anchored to the start of the argument;
          they will not be matched if there is preceding text.

    -A
          The date and time are anchored to both the start and end of
          the argument; they will not be matched if the is any other
          text in the argument.

    -d
          Enable additional debugging output.

    -m
          Minus.  When -R ANCHOR_TIME is also given the relative time is
          calculated backwards from ANCHOR_TIME.

    -r
          The argument passed is to be parsed as a relative time.

    -R ANCHOR_TIME
          The argument passed is to be parsed as a relative time.  The
          time is relative to ANCHOR_TIME, a time in seconds since the
          epoch, and the returned value is the absolute time
          corresponding to advancing ANCHOR_TIME by the relative time
          given.  This allows lengths of months to be correctly taken
          into account.  If the final day does not exist in the given
          month, the last day of the final month is given.  For
          example, if the anchor time is during 31st January 2007 and
          the relative time is 1 month, the final time is the same time
          of day during 28th February 2007.

    -s
          In addition to setting REPLY, set REPLY2 to the remainder of
          the argument after the date and time have been stripped.
          This is empty if the option -A was given.

    -t
          Allow a time with no date specification.  The date is assumed
          to be today.  The behaviour is unspecified if the iron tongue
          of midnight is tolling twelve.


calendar_show
     The function used by default to display events.  It accepts a
     start time and end time for events, both in epoch seconds, and an
     event description.

     The event is always printed to standard output.  If the command
     line editor is active (which will usually be the case) the command
     line will be redisplayed after the output.

     If the parameter DISPLAY is set and the start and end times are
     the same (indicating a scheduled event), the function uses the
     command xmessage to display a window with the event details.




File: zsh.info,  Node: Calendar Bugs,  Prev: Calendar Utility Functions,  Up: Calendar Function System

23.6 Bugs
=========

As the system is based entirely on shell functions (with a little
support from the zsh/datetime module) the mechanisms used are not as
robust as those provided by a dedicated calendar utility.  Consequently
the user should not rely on the shell for vital alerts.

There is no calendar_delete function.

There is no localization support for dates and times, nor any support
for the use of time zones.

Relative periods of months and years do not take into account the
variable number of days.

The calendar_show function is currently hardwired to use xmessage for
displaying alerts on X Window System displays.  This should be
configurable and ideally integrate better with the desktop.

calendar_lockfiles hangs the shell while waiting for a lock on a file.
If called from a scheduled task, it should instead reschedule the event
that caused it.


File: zsh.info,  Node: TCP Function System,  Next: Zftp Function System,  Prev: Calendar Function System,  Up: Top

24 TCP Function System
**********************



24.1 Description
================

A module zsh/net/tcp is provided to provide network I/O over TCP/IP
from within the shell; see its description in *Note Zsh Modules::.
This manual page describes a function suite based on the module.  If
the module is installed, the functions are usually installed at the
same time, in which case they will be available for autoloading in the
default function search path.  In addition to the zsh/net/tcp module,
the zsh/zselect module is used to implement timeouts on read
operations.  For troubleshooting tips, consult the corresponding advice
for the zftp functions described in *Note Zftp Function System::.

There are functions corresponding to the basic I/O operations open,
close, read and send, named tcp_open etc., as well as a function
tcp_expect for pattern match analysis of data read as input.  The
system makes it easy to receive data from and send data to multiple
named sessions at once.  In addition, it can be linked with the shell's
line editor in such a way that input data is automatically shown at the
terminal.  Other facilities available including logging, filtering and
configurable output prompts.

To use the system where it is available, it should be enough to
`autoload -U tcp_open' and run tcp_open as documented below to start a
session.  The tcp_open function will autoload the remaining functions.



* Menu:

* TCP Functions::
* TCP Parameters::
* TCP Examples::
* TCP Bugs::



File: zsh.info,  Node: TCP Functions,  Next: TCP Parameters,  Up: TCP Function System

24.2 TCP User Functions
=======================



24.2.1 Basic I/O
----------------


tcp_open [ -qz ] HOST PORT [ SESS ]
tcp_open [ -qz ] [ -s SESS | -l SESS[,...] ] ...
tcp_open [ -qz ] [ -a FD | -f FD ] [ SESS ]
     Open a new session.  In the first and simplest form, open a TCP
     connection to host HOST at port PORT; numeric and symbolic forms
     are understood for both.

     If SESS is given, this becomes the name of the session which can be
     used to refer to multiple different TCP connections.  If SESS is
     not given, the function will invent a numeric name value (note
     this is _not_ the same as the file descriptor to which the session
     is attached).  It is recommended that session names not include
     `funny' characters, where funny characters are not well-defined
     but certainly do not include alphanumerics or underscores, and
     certainly do include whitespace.

     In the second case, one or more sessions to be opened are given by
     name.  A single session name is given after -s and a
     comma-separated list after -l; both options may be repeated as
     many times as necessary.  A failure to open any session causes
     tcp_open to abort.  The host and port are read from the file
     .ztcp_sessions in the same directory as the user's zsh
     initialisation files, i.e. usually the home directory, but
     $ZDOTDIR if that is set.  The file consists of lines each giving a
     session name and the corresponding host and port, in that order
     (note the session name comes first, not last), separated by
     whitespace.

     The third form allows passive and fake TCP connections.  If the
     option -a is used, its argument is a file descriptor open for
     listening for connections.  No function front-end is provided to
     open such a file descriptor, but a call to `ztcp -l PORT' will
     create one with the file descriptor stored in the parameter
     $REPLY.  The listening port can be closed with `ztcp -c FD'.  A
     call to `tcp_open -a FD' will block until a remote TCP connection
     is made to PORT on the local machine.  At this point, a session is
     created in the usual way and is largely indistinguishable from an
     active connection created with one of the first two forms.

     If the option -f is used, its argument is a file descriptor which
     is used directly as if it were a TCP session.  How well the
     remainder of the TCP function system copes with this depends on
     what actually underlies this file descriptor.  A regular file is
     likely to be unusable; a FIFO (pipe) of some sort will work
     better, but note that it is not a good idea for two different
     sessions to attempt to read from the same FIFO at once.

     If the option -q is given with any of the three forms, tcp_open
     will not print informational messages, although it will in any
     case exit with an appropriate status.

     If the line editor (zle) is in use, which is typically the case if
     the shell is interactive, tcp_open installs a handler inside zle
     which will check for new data at the same time as it checks for
     keyboard input.  This is convenient as the shell consumes no CPU
     time while waiting; the test is performed by the operating system.
     Giving the option -z to any of the forms of tcp_open prevents the
     handler from being installed, so data must be read explicitly.
     Note, however, this is not necessary for executing complete sets
     of send and read commands from a function, as zle is not active at
     this point.  Generally speaking, the handler is only active when
     the shell is waiting for input at a command prompt or in the vared
     builtin.  The option has no effect if zle is not active; `[[ -o
     zle]]' will test for this.

     The first session to be opened becomes the current session and
     subsequent calls to tcp_open do not change it.  The current
     session is stored in the parameter $TCP_SESS; see below for more
     detail about the parameters used by the system.

     The function tcp_on_open, if defined, is called when a session is
     opened.  See the description below.

tcp_close [ -qn ] [ -a | -l SESS[,...] | SESS ... ]
     Close the named sessions, or the current session if none is given,
     or all open sessions if -a is given.  The options -l and -s are
     both handled for consistency with tcp_open, although the latter is
     redundant.

     If the session being closed is the current one, $TCP_SESS is unset,
     leaving no current session, even if there are other sessions still
     open.

     If the session was opened with tcp_open -f, the file descriptor is
     closed so long as it is in the range 0 to 9 accessible directly
     from the command line.  If the option -n is given, no attempt will
     be made to close file descriptors in this case.  The -n option is
     not used for genuine ztcp session; the file descriptors are always
     closed with the session.

     If the option -q is given, no informational messages will be
     printed.

tcp_read [ -bdq ] [ -t TO ] [ -T TO ]
         [ -a | -u FD[,...] | -l SESS[,...] | -s SESS ... ]
     Perform a read operation on the current session, or on a list of
     sessions if any are given with -u, -l or -s, or all open sessions
     if the option -a is given.  Any of the -u, -l or -s options may be
     repeated or mixed together.  The -u option specifies a file
     descriptor directly (only those managed by this system are
     useful), the other two specify sessions as described for tcp_open
     above.

     The function checks for new data available on all the sessions
     listed.  Unless the -b option is given, it will not block waiting
     for new data.  Any one line of data from any of the available
     sessions will be read, stored in the parameter $TCP_LINE, and
     displayed to standard output unless $TCP_SILENT contains a
     non-empty string.  When printed to standard output the string
     $TCP_PROMPT will be shown at the start of the line; the default
     form for this includes the name of the session being read.  See
     below for more information on these parameters.  In this mode,
     tcp_read can be called repeatedly until it returns status 2 which
     indicates all pending input from all specified sessions has been
     handled.

     With the option -b, equivalent to an infinite timeout, the function
     will block until a line is available to read from one of the
     specified sessions.  However, only a single line is returned.

     The option -d indicates that all pending input should be drained.
     In this case tcp_read may process multiple lines in the manner
     given above; only the last is stored in $TCP_LINE, but the
     complete set is stored in the array $tcp_lines.  This is cleared
     at the start of each call to tcp_read.

     The options -t and -T specify a timeout in seconds, which may be a
     floating point number for increased accuracy.  With -t the timeout
     is applied before each line read.  With -T, the timeout applies to
     the overall operation, possibly including multiple read operations
     if the option -d is present; without this option, there is no
     distinction between -t and -T.

     The function does not print informational messages, but if the
     option -q is given, no error message is printed for a non-existent
     session.

     A return status of 2 indicates a timeout or no data to read.  Any
     other non-zero return status indicates some error condition.

     See tcp_log for how to control where data is sent by tcp_read.

tcp_send [ -cnq ] [ -s SESS | -l SESS[,...] ] DATA ...
tcp_send [ -cnq ] -a DATA ...
     Send the supplied data strings to all the specified sessions in
     turn.  The underlying operation differs little from a `print -r'
     to the session's file descriptor, although it attempts to prevent
     the shell from dying owing to a SIGPIPE caused by an attempt to
     write to a defunct session.

     The option -c causes tcp_send to behave like cat.  It reads lines
     from standard input until end of input and sends them in turn to
     the specified session(s) exactly as if they were given as DATA
     arguments to individual tcp_send commands.

     The option -n prevents tcp_send from putting a newline at the end
     of the data strings.

     The remaining options all behave as for tcp_read.

     The data arguments are not further processed once they have been
     passed to tcp_send; they are simply passed down to print -r.

     If the parameter $TCP_OUTPUT is a non-empty string and logging is
     enabled then the data sent to each session will be echoed to the
     log file(s) with $TCP_OUTPUT in front where appropriate, much in
     the manner of $TCP_PROMPT.



24.2.2 Session Management
-------------------------


tcp_alias [ -q ] ALIAS=SESS ...
tcp_alias [ -q ] [ ALIAS ... ]
tcp_alias -d [ -q ] ALIAS ...
     This function is not particularly well tested.

     The first form creates an alias for a session name; ALIAS can then
     be used to refer to the existing session SESS.  As many aliases
     may be listed as required.

     The second form lists any aliases specified, or all aliases if
     none.

     The third form deletes all the aliases listed.  The underlying
     sessions are not affected.

     The option -q suppresses an inconsistently chosen subset of error
     messages.

tcp_log [ -asc ] [ -n | -N ] [ LOGFILE ]
     With an argument LOGFILE, all future input from tcp_read will be
     logged to the named file.  Unless -a (append) is given, this file
     will first be truncated or created empty.  With no arguments, show
     the current status of logging.

     With the option -s, per-session logging is enabled.  Input from
     tcp_read is output to the file LOGFILE.SESS.  As the session is
     automatically discriminated by the filename, the contents are raw
     (no $TCP_PROMPT).  The option  -a applies as above.  Per-session
     logging and logging of all data in one file are not mutually
     exclusive.

     The option -c closes all logging, both complete and per-session
     logs.

     The options -n and -N respectively turn off or restore output of
     data read by tcp_read to standard output; hence `tcp_log -cn' turns
     off all output by tcp_read.

     The function is purely a convenient front end to setting the
     parameters $TCP_LOG, $TCP_LOG_SESS, $TCP_SILENT, which are
     described below.

tcp_rename OLD NEW
     Rename session OLD to session NEW.  The old name becomes invalid.

tcp_sess [ SESS [ COMMAND [ ARG ... ] ] ]
     With no arguments, list all the open sessions and associated file
     descriptors.  The current session is marked with a star.  For use
     in functions, direct access to the parameters $tcp_by_name,
     $tcp_by_fd and $TCP_SESS is probably more convenient; see below.

     With a SESS argument, set the current session to SESS.  This is
     equivalent to changing $TCP_SESS directly.

     With additional arguments, temporarily set the current session
     while executing `COMMAND ARG ...'.  COMMAND is re-evaluated so as
     to expand aliases etc., but the remaining ARGs are passed through
     as that appear to tcp_sess.  The original session is restored when
     tcp_sess exits.



24.2.3 Advanced I/O
-------------------


tcp_command SEND-OPTION ... SEND-ARGUMENT ...
     This is a convenient front-end to tcp_send.  All arguments are
     passed to tcp_send, then the function pauses waiting for data.
     While data is arriving at least every $TCP_TIMEOUT (default 0.3)
     seconds, data is handled and printed out according to the current
     settings.  Status 0 is always returned.

     This is generally only useful for interactive use, to prevent the
     display becoming fragmented by output returned from the
     connection.  Within a programme or function it is generally better
     to handle reading data by a more explicit method.

tcp_expect [ -q ] [ -p VAR | -P VAR ] [ -t TO | -T TO ]
           [ -a | -s SESS | -l SESS[,...] ] PATTERN ...
     Wait for input matching any of the given PATTERNs from any of the
     specified sessions.  Input is ignored until an input line matches
     one of the given patterns; at this point status zero is returned,
     the matching line is stored in $TCP_LINE, and the full set of
     lines read during the call to tcp_expect is stored in the array
     $tcp_expect_lines.

     Sessions are specified in the same way as tcp_read: the default is
     to use the current session, otherwise the sessions specified by -a,
     -s, or -l are used.

     Each PATTERN is a standard zsh extended-globbing pattern; note
     that it needs to be quoted to avoid it being expanded immediately
     by filename generation.  It must match the full line, so to match
     a substring there must be a `*' at the start and end.  The line
     matched against includes the $TCP_PROMPT added by tcp_read.  It is
     possible to include the globbing flags `#b' or `#m' in the
     patterns to make backreferences available in the parameters
     $MATCH, $match, etc., as described in the base zsh documentation
     on pattern matching.

     Unlike tcp_read, the default behaviour of tcp_expect is to block
     indefinitely until the required input is found.  This can be
     modified by specifying a timeout with -t or -T; these function as
     in tcp_read, specifying a per-read or overall timeout,
     respectively, in seconds, as an integer or floating-point number.
     As tcp_read, the function returns status 2 if a timeout occurs.

     The function returns as soon as any one of the patterns given
     match.  If the caller needs to know which of the patterns matched,
     the option -p VAR can be used; on return, $var is set to the
     number of the pattern using ordinary zsh indexing, i.e. the first
     is 1, and so on.  Note the absence of a `$' in front of VAR.  To
     avoid clashes, the parameter cannot begin with `_expect'.  The
     index -1 is used if there is a timeout and 0 if there is no match.

     The option -P VAR works similarly to -p, but instead of numerical
     indexes the regular arguments must begin with a prefix followed by
     a colon: that prefix is then used as a tag to which VAR is set
     when the argument matches.  The tag timeout is used if there is a
     timeout and the empty string if there is no match.  Note it is
     acceptable for different arguments to start with the same prefix
     if the matches do not need to be distinguished.

     The option -q is passed directly down to tcp_read.

     As all input is done via tcp_read, all the usual rules about
     output of lines read apply.  One exception is that the parameter
     $tcp_lines will only reflect the line actually matched by
     tcp_expect; use $tcp_expect_lines for the full set of lines read
     during the function call.

tcp_proxy
     This is a simple-minded function to accept a TCP connection and
     execute a command with I/O redirected to the connection.  Extreme
     caution should be taken as there is no security whatsoever and
     this can leave your computer open to the world.  Ideally, it
     should only be used behind a firewall.

     The first argument is a TCP port on which the function will listen.

     The remaining arguments give a command and its arguments to
     execute with standard input, standard output and standard error
     redirected to the file descriptor on which the TCP session has
     been accepted.  If no command is given, a new zsh is started.
     This gives everyone on your network direct access to your account,
     which in many cases will be a bad thing.

     The command is run in the background, so tcp_proxy can then accept
     new connections.  It continues to accept new connections until
     interrupted.

tcp_spam [ -ertv ] [ -a | -s SESS | -l SESS[,...] ] CMD [ ARG ... ]
     Execute `CMD [ ARG ... ]' for each session in turn.  Note this
     executes the command and arguments; it does not send the command
     line as data unless the -t (transmit) option is given.

     The sessions may be selected explicitly with the standard -a, -s or
     -l options, or may be chosen implicitly.  If none of the three
     options is given the rules are: first, if the array $tcp_spam_list
     is set, this is taken as the list of sessions, otherwise all
     sessions are taken.  Second, any sessions given in the array
     $tcp_no_spam_list are removed from the list of sessions.

     Normally, any sessions added by the `-a' flag or when all sessions
     are chosen implicitly are spammed in alphabetic order; sessions
     given by the $tcp_spam_list array or on the command line are
     spammed in the order given.  The -r flag reverses the order
     however it was arrived it.

     The -v flag specifies that a $TCP_PROMPT will be output before each
     session.  This is output after any modification to TCP_SESS by the
     user-defined tcp_on_spam function described below.  (Obviously that
     function is able to generate its own output.)

     If the option -e is present, the line given as `CMD [ ARG ... ]'
     is executed using eval, otherwise it is executed without any
     further processing.

tcp_talk
     This is a fairly simple-minded attempt to force input to the line
     editor to go straight to the default TCP_SESS.

     An escape string, $TCP_TALK_ESCAPE, default `:', is used to allow
     access to normal shell operation.  If it is on its own at the
     start of the line, or followed only by whitespace, the line editor
     returns to normal operation.  Otherwise, the string and any
     following whitespace are skipped and the remainder of the line
     executed as shell input without any change of the line editor's
     operating mode.

     The current implementation is somewhat deficient in terms of use
     of the command history.  For this reason, many users will prefer
     to use some form of alternative approach for sending data easily
     to the current session.  One simple approach is to alias some
     special character (such as `%') to `tcp_command --'.

tcp_wait
     The sole argument is an integer or floating point number which
     gives the seconds to delay.  The shell will do nothing for that
     period except wait for input on all TCP sessions by calling
     tcp_read -a.  This is similar to the interactive behaviour at the
     command prompt when zle handlers are installed.



24.2.4 `One-shot' file transfer
-------------------------------


tcp_point PORT
tcp_shoot HOST PORT
     This pair of functions provide a simple way to transfer a file
     between two hosts within the shell.  Note, however, that bulk data
     transfer is currently done using cat.  tcp_point reads any data
     arriving at PORT and sends it to standard output; tcp_shoot
     connects to PORT on HOST and sends its standard input.  Any unused
     PORT may be used; the standard mechanism for picking a port is to
     think of a random four-digit number above 1024 until one works.

     To transfer a file from host woodcock to host springes, on
     springes:


          tcp_point 8091 >output_file

     and on woodcock:


          tcp_shoot springes 8091 <input_file

     As these two functions do not require tcp_open to set up a TCP
     connection first, they may need to be autoloaded separately.



24.3 TCP User-defined Functions
===============================

Certain functions, if defined by the user, will be called by the
function system in certain contexts.  This facility depends on the
module zsh/parameter, which is usually available in interactive shells
as the completion system depends on it.  None of the functions need be
defined; they simply provide convenient hooks when necessary.

Typically, these are called after the requested action has been taken,
so that the various parameters will reflect the new state.


tcp_on_alias ALIAS FD
     When an alias is defined, this function will be called with two
     arguments: the name of the alias, and the file descriptor of the
     corresponding session.

tcp_on_awol SESS FD
     If the function tcp_fd_handler is handling input from the line
     editor and detects that the file descriptor is no longer reusable,
     by default it removes it from the list of file descriptors handled
     by this method and prints a message.  If the function tcp_on_awol
     is defined it is called immediately before this point.  It may
     return status 100, which indicates that the normal handling should
     still be performed; any other return status indicates that no
     further action should be taken and the tcp_fd_handler should return
     immediately with the given status.  Typically the action of
     tcp_on_awol will be to close the session.

     The variable TCP_INVALIDATE_ZLE will be a non-empty string if it is
     necessary to invalidate the line editor display using `zle -I'
     before printing output from the function.

     (`AWOL' is military jargon for `absent without leave' or some
     variation.  It has no pre-existing technical meaning known to the
     author.)

tcp_on_close SESS FD
     This is called with the name of a session being closed and the file
     descriptor which corresponded to that session.  Both will be
     invalid by the time the function is called.

tcp_on_open SESS FD
     This is called after a new session has been defined with the
     session name and file descriptor as arguments.  If it returns a
     non-zero status, opening the session is assumed to fail and the
     session is closed again; however, tcp_open will continue to
     attempt to open any remaining sessions given on the command line.

tcp_on_rename OLDSESS FD NEWSESS
     This is called after a session has been renamed with the three
     arguments old session name, file descriptor, new session name.

tcp_on_spam SESS COMMAND ...
     This is called once for each session spammed, just _before_ a
     command is executed for a session by tcp_spam.  The arguments are
     the session name followed by the command list to be executed.  If
     tcp_spam was called with the option -t, the first command will be
     tcp_send.

     This function is called after $TCP_SESS is set to reflect the
     session to be spammed, but before any use of it is made.  Hence it
     is possible to alter the value of $TCP_SESS within this function.
     For example, the session arguments to tcp_spam could include extra
     information to be stripped off and processed in tcp_on_spam.

     If the function sets the parameter $REPLY to `done', the command
     line is not executed; in addition, no prompt is printed for the -v
     option to tcp_spam.

tcp_on_unalias ALIAS FD
     This is called with the name of an alias and the corresponding
     session's file descriptor after an alias has been deleted.



24.4 TCP Utility Functions
==========================

The following functions are used by the TCP function system but will
rarely if ever need to be called directly.


tcp_fd_handler
     This is the function installed by tcp_open for handling input from
     within the line editor, if that is required.  It is in the format
     documented for the builtin `zle -F' in *Note Zle Builtins:: .

     While active, the function sets the parameter TCP_HANDLER_ACTIVE
     to 1.  This allows shell code called internally (for example, by
     setting tcp_on_read) to tell if is being called when the shell is
     otherwise idle at the editor prompt.

tcp_output [ -q ] -P PROMPT -F FD -S SESS
     This function is used for both logging and handling output to
     standard output, from within tcp_read and (if $TCP_OUTPUT is set)
     tcp_send.

     The PROMPT to use is specified by -P; the default is the empty
     string.  It can contain:
    %c
          Expands to 1 if the session is the current session, otherwise
          0.  Used with ternary expressions such as `%(c.-.+)' to
          output `+' for the current session and `-' otherwise.

    %f
          Replaced by the session's file descriptor.

    %s
          Replaced by the session name.

    %%
          Replaced by a single `%'.


     The option -q suppresses output to standard output, but not to any
     log files which are configured.

     The -S and -F options are used to pass in the session name and file
     descriptor for possible replacement in the prompt.




File: zsh.info,  Node: TCP Parameters,  Next: TCP Examples,  Prev: TCP Functions,  Up: TCP Function System

24.5 TCP User Parameters
========================

Parameters follow the usual convention that uppercase is used for
scalars and integers, while lowercase is used for normal and
associative array.  It is always safe for user code to read these
parameters.  Some parameters may also be set; these are noted
explicitly.  Others are included in this group as they are set by the
function system for the user's benefit, i.e. setting them is typically
not useful but is benign.

It is often also useful to make settable parameters local to a function.
For example, `local TCP_SILENT=1' specifies that data read during the
function call will not be printed to standard output, regardless of the
setting outside the function.  Likewise, `local TCP_SESS=SESS' sets a
session for the duration of a function, and `local TCP_PROMPT='
specifies that no prompt is used for input during the function.


tcp_expect_lines
     Array.  The set of lines read during the last call to tcp_expect,
     including the last ($TCP_LINE).

tcp_filter
     Array. May be set directly.  A set of extended globbing patterns
     which, if matched in tcp_output, will cause the line not to be
     printed to standard output.  The patterns should be defined as
     described for the arguments to tcp_expect.  Output of line to log
     files is not affected.

TCP_HANDLER_ACTIVE
     Scalar.  Set to 1 within tcp_fd_handler to indicate to functions
     called recursively that they have been called during an editor
     session.  Otherwise unset.

TCP_LINE
     The last line read by tcp_read, and hence also tcp_expect.

TCP_LINE_FD
     The file descriptor from which $TCP_LINE was read.
     ${tcp_by_fd[$TCP_LINE_FD]} will give the corresponding session
     name.

tcp_lines
     Array. The set of lines read during the last call to tcp_read,
     including the last ($TCP_LINE).

TCP_LOG
     May be set directly, although it is also controlled by tcp_log.
     The name of a file to which output from all sessions will be sent.
     The output is proceeded by the usual $TCP_PROMPT.  If it is not an
     absolute path name, it will follow the user's current directory.

TCP_LOG_SESS
     May be set directly, although it is also controlled by tcp_log.
     The prefix for a set of files to which output from each session
     separately will be sent; the full filename is ${TCP_LOG_SESS}.SESS.
     Output to each file is raw; no prompt is added.  If it is not an
     absolute path name, it will follow the user's current directory.

tcp_no_spam_list
     Array.  May be set directly.  See tcp_spam for how this is used.

TCP_OUTPUT
     May be set directly.  If a non-empty string, any data sent to a
     session by tcp_send will be logged.  This parameter gives the
     prompt to be used in a file specified by $TCP_LOG but not in a
     file generated from $TCP_LOG_SESS.  The prompt string has the same
     format as TCP_PROMPT and the same rules for its use apply.

TCP_PROMPT
     May be set directly.  Used as the prefix for data read by tcp_read
     which is printed to standard output or to the log file given by
     $TCP_LOG, if any.  Any `%s', `%f' or `%%' occurring in the string
     will be replaced by the name of the session, the session's
     underlying file descriptor, or a single `%', respectively.  The
     expression `%c' expands to 1 if the session being read is the
     current session, else 0; this is most useful in ternary
     expressions such as `%(c.-.+)' which outputs `+' if the session is
     the current one, else `-'.

     If the prompt starts with %P, this is stripped and the complete
     result of the previous stage is passed through standard prompt
     %-style formatting before being output.

TCP_READ_DEBUG
     May be set directly.  If this has non-zero length, tcp_read will
     give some limited diagnostics about data being read.

TCP_SECONDS_START
     This value is created and initialised to zero by tcp_open.

     The functions tcp_read and tcp_expect use the shell's SECONDS
     parameter for their own timing purposes.  If that parameter is not
     of floating point type on entry to one of the functions, it will
     create a local parameter SECONDS which is floating point and set
     the parameter TCP_SECONDS_START to the previous value of $SECONDS.
     If the parameter is already floating point, it is used without a
     local copy being created and TCP_SECONDS_START is not set.  As the
     global value is zero, the shell elapsed time is guaranteed to be
     the sum of $SECONDS and $TCP_SECONDS_START.

     This can be avoided by setting SECONDS globally to a floating point
     value using `typeset -F SECONDS'; then the TCP functions will never
     make a local copy and never set TCP_SECONDS_START to a non-zero
     value.

TCP_SESS
     May be set directly.  The current session; must refer to one of the
     sessions established by tcp_open.

TCP_SILENT
     May be set directly, although it is also controlled by tcp_log.
     If of non-zero length, data read by tcp_read will not be written to
     standard output, though may still be written to a log file.

tcp_spam_list
     Array.  May be set directly.  See the description of the function
     tcp_spam for how this is used.

TCP_TALK_ESCAPE
     May be set directly.  See the description of the function tcp_talk
     for how this is used.

TCP_TIMEOUT
     May be set directly.  Currently this is only used by the function
     tcp_command, see above.



24.6 TCP User-defined Parameters
================================

The following parameters are not set by the function system, but have a
special effect if set by the user.


tcp_on_read
     This should be an associative array; if it is not, the behaviour is
     undefined.  Each key is the name of a shell function or other
     command, and the corresponding value is a shell pattern (using
     EXTENDED_GLOB).  Every line read from a TCP session directly or
     indirectly using tcp_read (which includes lines read by
     tcp_expect) is compared against the pattern.  If the line matches,
     the command given in the key is called with two arguments: the
     name of the session from which the line was read, and the line
     itself.

     If any function called to handle a line returns a non-zero status,
     the line is not output.  Thus a tcp_on_read handler containing only
     the instruction `return 1' can be used to suppress output of
     particular lines (see, however, tcp_filter above).  However, the
     line is still stored in TCP_LINE and tcp_lines; this occurs after
     all tcp_on_read processing.



24.7 TCP Utility Parameters
===========================

These parameters are controlled by the function system; they may be read
directly, but should not usually be set by user code.


tcp_aliases
     Associative array.  The keys are the names of sessions established
     with tcp_open; each value is a space-separated list of aliases
     which refer to that session.

tcp_by_fd
     Associative array.  The keys are session file descriptors; each
     value is the name of that session.

tcp_by_name
     Associative array.  The keys are the names of sessions; each value
     is the file descriptor associated with that session.




File: zsh.info,  Node: TCP Examples,  Next: TCP Bugs,  Prev: TCP Parameters,  Up: TCP Function System

24.8 TCP Examples
=================

Here is a trivial example using a remote calculator.

To create a calculator server on port 7337 (see the dc manual page for
quite how infuriating the underlying command is):


     tcp_proxy 7337 dc

To connect to this from the same host with a session also named `dc':


     tcp_open localhost 7337 dc

To send a command to the remote session and wait a short while for
output (assuming dc is the current session):


     tcp_command 2 4 + p

To close the session:


     tcp_close

The tcp_proxy needs to be killed to be stopped.  Note this will not
usually kill any connections which have already been accepted, and also
that the port is not immediately available for reuse.

The following chunk of code puts a list of sessions into an xterm
header, with the current session followed by a star.


     print -n "\033]2;TCP:" ${(k)tcp_by_name:/$TCP_SESS/$TCP_SESS\*} "\a"



File: zsh.info,  Node: TCP Bugs,  Prev: TCP Examples,  Up: TCP Function System

24.9 TCP Bugs
=============

The function tcp_read uses the shell's normal read builtin.  As this
reads a complete line at once, data arriving without a terminating
newline can cause the function to block indefinitely.

Though the function suite works well for interactive use and for data
arriving in small amounts, the performance when large amounts of data
are being exchanged is likely to be extremely poor.


File: zsh.info,  Node: Zftp Function System,  Next: User Contributions,  Prev: TCP Function System,  Up: Top

25 Zftp Function System
***********************



25.1 Description
================

This describes the set of shell functions supplied with the source
distribution as an interface to the zftp builtin command, allowing you
to perform FTP operations from the shell command line or within
functions or scripts.  The interface is similar to a traditional FTP
client (e.g. the ftp command itself, see man page ftp(1)), but as it is
entirely done within the shell all the familiar completion, editing and
globbing features, and so on, are present, and macros are particularly
simple to write as they are just ordinary shell functions.

The prerequisite is that the zftp command, as described in *Note The
zsh/zftp Module:: , must be available in the version of zsh installed
at your site.  If the shell is configured to load new commands at run
time, it probably is: typing `zmodload zsh/zftp' will make sure (if
that runs silently, it has worked).  If this is not the case, it is
possible zftp was linked into the shell anyway: to test this, type
`which zftp' and if zftp is available you will get the message `zftp:
shell built-in command'.

Commands given directly with zftp builtin may be interspersed between
the functions in this suite; in a few cases, using zftp directly may
cause some of the status information stored in shell parameters to
become invalid.  Note in particular the description of the variables
$ZFTP_TMOUT, $ZFTP_PREFS and $ZFTP_VERBOSE for zftp.



* Menu:

* Installation::
* Zftp Functions::
* Miscellaneous Features::



File: zsh.info,  Node: Installation,  Next: Zftp Functions,  Up: Zftp Function System

25.2 Installation
=================

You should make sure all the functions from the Functions/Zftp
directory of the source distribution are available; they all begin with
the two letters `zf'.  They may already have been installed on your
system; otherwise, you will need to find them and copy them.  The
directory should appear as one of the elements of the $fpath array
(this should already be the case if they were installed), and at least
the function zfinit should be autoloaded; it will autoload the rest.
Finally, to initialize the use of the system you need to call the
zfinit function.  The following code in your .zshrc will arrange for
this; assume the functions are stored in the directory ~/myfns:


     fpath=(~/myfns $fpath)
     autoload -U zfinit
     zfinit

Note that zfinit assumes you are using the zmodload method to load the
zftp command.  If it is already built into the shell, change zfinit to
zfinit -n.  It is helpful (though not essential) if the call to zfinit
appears after any code to initialize the new completion system, else
unnecessary compctl commands will be given.




File: zsh.info,  Node: Zftp Functions,  Next: Miscellaneous Features,  Prev: Installation,  Up: Zftp Function System

25.3 Functions
==============

The sequence of operations in performing a file transfer is essentially
the same as that in a standard FTP client.  Note that, due to a quirk
of the shell's getopts builtin, for those functions that handle options
you must use `--' rather than `-' to ensure the remaining arguments are
treated literally (a single `-' is treated as an argument).



25.3.1 Opening a connection
---------------------------


zfparams [ HOST [ USER [ PASSWORD ... ] ] ]
     Set or show the parameters for a future zfopen with no arguments.
     If no arguments are given, the current parameters are displayed
     (the password will be shown as a line of asterisks).  If a HOST is
     given, and either the USER or PASSWORD is not, they will be
     prompted for; also, any parameter given as `?' will be prompted
     for, and if the `?' is followed by a string, that will be used as
     the prompt.  As zfopen calls zfparams to store the parameters,
     this usually need not be called directly.

     A single argument `-' will delete the stored parameters.  This will
     also cause the memory of the last directory (and so on) on the
     other host to be deleted.

zfopen [ -1 ] [ HOST [ USER [ PASSWORD [ ACCOUNT ] ] ] ]
     If HOST is present, open a connection to that host under username
     USER with password PASSWORD (and, on the rare occasions when it is
     necessary, account ACCOUNT).  If a necessary parameter is missing
     or given as `?' it will be prompted for.  If HOST is not present,
     use a previously stored set of parameters.

     If the command was successful, and the terminal is compatible with
     xterm or is sun-cmd, a summary will appear in the title bar,
     giving the local host:directory and the remote host:directory;
     this is handled by the function zftp_chpwd, described below.

     Normally, the HOST, USER and PASSWORD are internally recorded for
     later re-opening, either by a zfopen with no arguments, or
     automatically (see below).  With the option `-1', no information is
     stored.  Also, if an open command with arguments failed, the
     parameters will not be retained (and any previous parameters will
     also be deleted).  A zfopen on its own, or a zfopen -1, never
     alters the stored parameters.

     Both zfopen and zfanon (but not zfparams) understand URLs of the
     form ftp://HOST/PATH... as meaning to connect to the HOST, then
     change directory to PATH (which must be a directory, not a file).
     The `ftp://' can be omitted; the trailing `/' is enough to trigger
     recognition of the PATH.  Note prefixes other than `ftp:' are not
     recognized, and that all characters after the first slash beyond
     HOST are significant in PATH.

zfanon [ -1 ] HOST
     Open a connection HOST for anonymous FTP.  The username used is
     `anonymous'.  The password (which will be reported the first time)
     is generated as USER@HOST; this is then stored in the shell
     parameter $EMAIL_ADDR which can alternatively be set manually to a
     suitable string.



25.3.2 Directory management
---------------------------


zfcd [ DIR ]
zfcd -
zfcd OLD NEW
     Change the current directory on the remote server:  this is
     implemented to have many of the features of the shell builtin cd.

     In the first form with DIR present, change to the directory DIR.
     The command `zfcd ..' is treated specially, so is guaranteed to
     work on non-UNIX servers (note this is handled internally by
     zftp).  If DIR is omitted, has the effect of `zfcd ~'.

     The second form changes to the directory previously current.

     The third form attempts to change the current directory by
     replacing the first occurrence of the string OLD with the string
     NEW in the current directory.

     Note that in this command, and indeed anywhere a remote filename is
     expected, the string which on the local host corresponds to `~' is
     converted back to a `~' before being passed to the remote machine.
     This is convenient because of the way expansion is performed on
     the command line before zfcd receives a string.  For example,
     suppose the command is `zfcd ~/foo'.  The shell will expand this
     to a full path such as `zfcd /home/user2/pws/foo'.  At this stage,
     zfcd recognises the initial path as corresponding to `~' and will
     send the directory to the remote host as ~/foo, so that the `~'
     will be expanded by the server to the correct remote host
     directory.  Other named directories of the form `~name' are not
     treated in this fashion.

zfhere
     Change directory on the remote server to the one corresponding to
     the current local directory, with special handling of `~' as in
     zfcd.  For example, if the current local directory is ~/foo/bar,
     then zfhere performs the effect of `zfcd ~/foo/bar'.

zfdir [ -rfd ] [ - ] [ DIR-OPTIONS ] [ DIR ]
     Produce a long directory listing.  The arguments DIR-OPTIONS and
     DIR are passed directly to the server and their effect is
     implementation dependent, but specifying a particular remote
     directory DIR is usually possible.  The output is passed through a
     pager given by the environment variable $PAGER, or `more' if that
     is not set.

     The directory is usually cached for re-use.  In fact, two caches
     are maintained.  One is for use when there is no DIR-OPTIONS or
     DIR, i.e. a full listing of the current remote directory; it is
     flushed when the current remote directory changes.  The other is
     kept for repeated use of zfdir with the same arguments; for
     example, repeated use of `zfdir /pub/gnu' will only require the
     directory to be retrieved on the first call.  Alternatively, this
     cache can be re-viewed with the -r option.  As relative
     directories will confuse zfdir, the -f option can be used to force
     the cache to be flushed before the directory is listed.  The
     option -d will delete both caches without showing a directory
     listing; it will also delete the cache of file names in the
     current remote directory, if any.

zfls [ LS-OPTIONS ] [ DIR ]
     List files on the remote server.  With no arguments, this will
     produce a simple list of file names for the current remote
     directory.  Any arguments are passed directly to the server.  No
     pager and no caching is used.



25.3.3 Status commands
----------------------


zftype [ TYPE ]
     With no arguments, show the type of data to be transferred,
     usually ASCII or binary.  With an argument, change the type: the
     types `A' or `ASCII' for ASCII data and `B' or `BINARY', `I' or
     `IMAGE' for binary data are understood case-insensitively.

zfstat [ -v ]
     Show the status of the current or last connection, as well as the
     status of some of zftp's status variables.  With the -v option, a
     more verbose listing is produced by querying the server for its
     version of events, too.



25.3.4 Retrieving files
-----------------------

The commands for retrieving files all take at least two options. -G
suppresses remote filename expansion which would otherwise be performed
(see below for a more detailed description of that).  -t attempts to
set the modification time of the local file to that of the remote file:
see the description of the function zfrtime below for more information.


zfget [ -Gtc ] FILE1 ...
     Retrieve all the listed files FILE1 ... one at a time from the
     remote server.  If a file contains a `/', the full name is passed
     to the remote server, but the file is stored locally under the
     name given by the part after the final `/'.  The option -c (cat)
     forces all files to be sent as a single stream to standard output;
     in this case the -t option has no effect.

zfuget [ -Gvst ] FILE1 ...
     As zfget, but only retrieve files where the version on the remote
     server is newer (has a later modification time), or where the
     local file does not exist.  If the remote file is older but the
     files have different sizes, or if the sizes are the same but the
     remote file is newer, the user will usually be queried.  With the
     option -s, the command runs silently and will always retrieve the
     file in either of those two cases.  With the option -v, the
     command prints more information about the files while it is
     working out whether or not to transfer them.

zfcget [ -Gt ] FILE1 ...
     As zfget, but if any of the local files exists, and is shorter than
     the corresponding remote file, the command assumes that it is the
     result of a partially completed transfer and attempts to transfer
     the rest of the file.  This is useful on a poor connection which
     keeps failing.

     Note that this requires a commonly implemented, but non-standard,
     version of the FTP protocol, so is not guaranteed to work on all
     servers.

zfgcp [ -Gt ] REMOTE-FILE LOCAL-FILE
zfgcp [ -Gt ] RFILE1 ... LDIR
     This retrieves files from the remote server with arguments behaving
     similarly to the cp command.

     In the first form, copy REMOTE-FILE from the server to the local
     file LOCAL-FILE.

     In the second form, copy all the remote files RFILE1 ... into the
     local directory LDIR retaining the same basenames.  This assumes
     UNIX directory semantics.



25.3.5 Sending files
--------------------


zfput [ -r ] FILE1 ...
     Send all the FILE1 ... given separately to the remote server.  If a
     filename contains a `/', the full filename is used locally to find
     the file, but only the basename is used for the remote file name.

     With the option -r, if any of the FILES are directories they are
     sent recursively with all their subdirectories, including files
     beginning with `.'.  This requires that the remote machine
     understand UNIX file semantics, since `/' is used as a directory
     separator.

zfuput [ -vs ] FILE1 ...
     As zfput, but only send files which are newer than their remote
     equivalents, or if the remote file does not exist.  The logic is
     the same as for zfuget, but reversed between local and remote
     files.

zfcput FILE1 ...
     As zfput, but if any remote file already exists and is shorter
     than the local equivalent, assume it is the result of an
     incomplete transfer and send the rest of the file to append to the
     existing part.  As the FTP append command is part of the standard
     set, this is in principle more likely to work than zfcget.

zfpcp LOCAL-FILE REMOTE-FILE
zfpcp LFILE1 ... RDIR
     This sends files to the remote server with arguments behaving
     similarly to the cp command.

     With two arguments, copy LOCAL-FILE to the server as REMOTE-FILE.

     With more than two arguments, copy all the local files LFILE1 ...
     into the existing remote directory RDIR retaining the same
     basenames.  This assumes UNIX directory semantics.

     A problem arises if you attempt to use zfpcp LFILE1 RDIR, i.e. the
     second form of copying but with two arguments, as the command has
     no simple way of knowing if RDIR corresponds to a directory or a
     filename.  It attempts to resolve this in various ways.  First, if
     the RDIR argument is `.' or `..' or ends in a slash, it is assumed
     to be a directory.  Secondly, if the operation of copying to a
     remote file in the first form failed, and the remote server sends
     back the expected failure code 553 and a reply including the
     string `Is a directory', then zfpcp will retry using the second
     form.



25.3.6 Closing the connection
-----------------------------


zfclose
     Close the connection.



25.3.7 Session management
-------------------------


zfsession [ -lvod ] [ SESSNAME ]
     Allows you to manage multiple FTP sessions at once.  By default,
     connections take place in a session called `default'; by giving the
     command `zfsession SESSNAME' you can change to a new or existing
     session with a name of your choice.  The new session remembers its
     own connection, as well as associated shell parameters, and also
     the host/user parameters set by zfparams.  Hence you can have
     different sessions set up to connect to different hosts, each
     remembering the appropriate host, user and password.

     With no arguments, zfsession prints the name of the current
     session; with the option -l it lists all sessions which currently
     exist, and with the option -v it gives a verbose list showing the
     host and directory for each session, where the current session is
     marked with an asterisk.  With -o, it will switch to the most
     recent previous session.

     With -d, the given session (or else the current one) is removed;
     everything to do with it is completely forgotten.  If it was the
     only session, a new session called `default' is created and made
     current.  It is safest not to delete sessions while background
     commands using zftp are active.

zftransfer SESS1:FILE1 SESS2:FILE2
     Transfer files between two sessions; no local copy is made.  The
     file is read from the session SESS1 as FILE1 and written to session
     SESS2 as file FILE2; FILE1 and FILE2 may be relative to the
     current directories of the session.  Either SESS1 or SESS2 may be
     omitted (though the colon should be retained if there is a
     possibility of a colon appearing in the file name) and defaults to
     the current session; FILE2 may be omitted or may end with a slash,
     in which case the basename of FILE1 will be added.  The sessions
     SESS1 and SESS2 must be distinct.

     The operation is performed using pipes, so it is required that the
     connections still be valid in a subshell, which is not the case
     under versions of some operating systems, presumably due to a
     system bug.



25.3.8 Bookmarks
----------------

The two functions zfmark and zfgoto allow you to `bookmark' the present
location (host, user and directory) of the current FTP connection for
later use.  The file to be used for storing and retrieving bookmarks is
given by the parameter $ZFTP_BMFILE; if not set when one of the two
functions is called, it will be set to the file .zfbkmarks in the
directory where your zsh startup files live (usually ~).


zfmark [ BOOKMARK ]
     If given an argument, mark the current host, user and directory
     under the name BOOKMARK for later use by zfgoto.  If there is no
     connection open, use the values for the last connection
     immediately before it was closed; it is an error if there was
     none.  Any existing bookmark under the same name will be silently
     replaced.

     If not given an argument, list the existing bookmarks and the
     points to which they refer in the form USER@HOST:DIRECTORY; this
     is the format in which they are stored, and the file may be edited
     directly.

zfgoto [ -n ] BOOKMARK
     Return to the location given by BOOKMARK, as previously set by
     zfmark.  If the location has user `ftp' or `anonymous', open the
     connection with zfanon, so that no password is required.  If the
     user and host parameters match those stored for the current
     session, if any, those will be used, and again no password is
     required.  Otherwise a password will be prompted for.

     With the option -n, the bookmark is taken to be a nickname stored
     by the ncftp program in its bookmark file, which is assumed to be
     ~/.ncftp/bookmarks.  The function works identically in other ways.
     Note that there is no mechanism for adding or modifying ncftp
     bookmarks from the zftp functions.



25.3.9 Other functions
----------------------

Mostly, these functions will not be called directly (apart from
zfinit), but are described here for completeness.  You may wish to
alter zftp_chpwd and zftp_progress, in particular.


zfinit [ -n ]
     As described above, this is used to initialize the zftp function
     system.  The -n option should be used if the zftp command is
     already built into the shell.

zfautocheck [ -dn ]
     This function is called to implement automatic reopening
     behaviour, as described in more detail below.  The options must
     appear in the first argument; -n prevents the command from
     changing to the old directory, while -d prevents it from setting
     the variable do_close, which it otherwise does as a flag for
     automatically closing the connection after a transfer.  The host
     and directory for the last session are stored in the variable
     $zflastsession, but the internal host/user/password parameters
     must also be correctly set.

zfcd_match PREFIX SUFFIX
     This performs matching for completion of remote directory names.
     If the remote server is UNIX, it will attempt to persuade the
     server to list the remote directory with subdirectories marked,
     which usually works but is not guaranteed.  On other hosts it
     simply calls zfget_match and hence completes all files, not just
     directories.  On some systems, directories may not even look like
     filenames.

zfget_match PREFIX SUFFIX
     This performs matching for completion of remote filenames.  It
     caches files for the current directory (only) in the shell
     parameter $zftp_fcache.  It is in the form to be called by the -K
     option of compctl, but also works when called from a widget-style
     completion function with PREFIX and SUFFIX set appropriately.

zfrglob VARNAME
     Perform remote globbing, as describes in more detail below.
     VARNAME is the name of a variable containing the pattern to be
     expanded; if there were any matches, the same variable will be set
     to the expanded set of filenames on return.

zfrtime LFILE RFILE [ TIME ]
     Set the local file LFILE to have the same modification time as the
     remote file RFILE, or the explicit time TIME in FTP format
     CCYYMMDDhhmmSS for the GMT timezone.  This uses the shell's
     zsh/datetime module to perform the conversion from GMT to local
     time.

zftp_chpwd
     This function is called every time a connection is opened, or
     closed, or the remote directory changes.  This version alters the
     title bar of an xterm-compatible or sun-cmd terminal emulator to
     reflect the local and remote hostnames and current directories.
     It works best when combined with the function chpwd.  In
     particular, a function of the form


          chpwd() {
            if [[ -n $ZFTP_USER ]]; then
              zftp_chpwd
            else
              # usual chpwd e.g put host:directory in title bar
            fi
          }

     fits in well.

zftp_progress
     This function shows the status of the transfer.  It will not write
     anything unless the output is going to a terminal; however, if you
     transfer files in the background, you should turn off progress
     reports by hand using `zstyle ':zftp:*' progress none'.  Note also
     that if you alter it, any output _must_ be to standard error, as
     standard output may be a file being received.  The form of the
     progress meter, or whether it is used at all, can be configured
     without altering the function, as described in the next section.

zffcache
     This is used to implement caching of files in the current
     directory for each session separately.  It is used by zfget_match
     and zfrglob.




File: zsh.info,  Node: Miscellaneous Features,  Prev: Zftp Functions,  Up: Zftp Function System

25.4 Miscellaneous Features
===========================



25.4.1 Configuration
--------------------



Various styles are available using the standard shell style mechanism,
described in *Note The zsh/zutil Module::. Briefly, the command `zstyle
':zftp:*' STYLE VALUE ...'.  defines the STYLE to have value VALUE;
more than one value may be given, although that is not useful in the
cases described here.  These values will then be used throughout the
zftp function system.  For more precise control, the first argument,
which gives a context in which the style applies, can be modified to
include a particular function, as for example `:zftp:zfget': the style
will then have the given value only in the zfget function.  Values for
the same style in different contexts may be set; the most specific
function will be used, where strings are held to be more specific than
patterns, and longer patterns and shorter patterns.  Note that only the
top level function name, as called by the user, is used; calling of
lower level functions is transparent to the user.  Hence modifications
to the title bar in zftp_chpwd use the contexts :zftp:zfopen,
:zftp:zfcd, etc., depending where it was called from.  The following
styles are understood:


progress
     Controls the way that zftp_progress reports on the progress of a
     transfer.  If empty, unset, or `none', no progress report is made;
     if `bar' a growing bar of inverse video is shown; if `percent' (or
     any other string, though this may change in future), the
     percentage of the file transferred is shown.  The bar meter
     requires that the width of the terminal be available via the
     $COLUMNS parameter (normally this is set automatically).  If the
     size of the file being transferred is not available, bar and
     percent meters will simply show the number of bytes transferred so
     far.

     When zfinit is run, if this style is not defined for the context
     :zftp:*, it will be set to `bar'.

update
     Specifies the minimum time interval between updates of the
     progress meter in seconds.  No update is made unless new data has
     been received, so the actual time interval is limited only by
     $ZFTP_TIMEOUT.

     As described for progress, zfinit will force this to default to 1.

remote-glob
     If set to `1', `yes' or `true', filename generation (globbing) is
     performed on the remote machine instead of by zsh itself; see
     below.

titlebar
     If set to `1', `yes' or `true', zftp_chpwd will put the remote
     host and remote directory into the titlebar of terminal emulators
     such as xterm or sun-cmd that allow this.

     As described for progress, zfinit will force this to default to 1.

chpwd
     If set to `1' `yes' or `true', zftp_chpwd will call the function
     chpwd when a connection is closed.  This is useful if the remote
     host details were put into the terminal title bar by zftp_chpwd
     and your usual chpwd also modifies the title bar.

     When zfinit is run, it will determine whether chpwd exists and if
     so it will set the default value for the style to 1 if none exists
     already.


Note that there is also an associative array zfconfig which contains
values used by the function system.  This should not be modified or
overwritten.



25.4.2 Remote globbing
----------------------



The commands for retrieving files usually perform filename generation
(globbing) on their arguments; this can be turned off by passing the
option -G to each of the commands.  Normally this operates by
retrieving a complete list of files for the directory in question, then
matching these locally against the pattern supplied.  This has the
advantage that the full range of zsh patterns (respecting the setting
of the option EXTENDED_GLOB) can be used.  However, it means that the
directory part of a filename will not be expanded and must be given
exactly.  If the remote server does not support the UNIX directory
semantics, directory handling is problematic and it is recommended that
globbing only be used within the current directory.  The list of files
in the current directory, if retrieved, will be cached, so that
subsequent globs in the same directory without an intervening zfcd are
much faster.

If the remote-glob style (see above) is set, globbing is instead
performed on the remote host: the server is asked for a list of matching
files.  This is highly dependent on how the server is implemented,
though typically UNIX servers will provide support for basic glob
patterns.  This may in some cases be faster, as it avoids retrieving
the entire list of directory contents.



25.4.3 Automatic and temporary reopening
----------------------------------------



As described for the zfopen command, a subsequent zfopen with no
parameters will reopen the connection to the last host (this includes
connections made with the zfanon command).  Opened in this fashion, the
connection starts in the default remote directory and will remain open
until explicitly closed.

Automatic re-opening is also available.  If a connection is not
currently open and a command requiring a connection is given, the last
connection is implicitly reopened.  In this case the directory which
was current when the connection was closed again becomes the current
directory (unless, of course, the command given changes it).  Automatic
reopening will also take place if the connection was close by the
remote server for whatever reason (e.g. a timeout).  It is not
available if the -1 option to zfopen or zfanon was used.

Furthermore, if the command issued is a file transfer, the connection
will be closed after the transfer is finished, hence providing a
one-shot mode for transfers.  This does not apply to directory changing
or listing commands; for example a zfdir may reopen a connection but
will leave it open.  Also, automatic closure will only ever happen in
the same command as automatic opening, i.e a zfdir directly followed by
a zfget will never close the connection automatically.

Information about the previous connection is given by the zfstat
function.  So, for example, if that reports:


     Session:        default
     Not connected.
     Last session:   ftp.bar.com:/pub/textfiles

then the command zfget file.txt will attempt to reopen a connection to
ftp.bar.com, retrieve the file /pub/textfiles/file.txt, and immediately
close the connection again.  On the other hand, zfcd ..  will open the
connection in the directory /pub and leave it open.

Note that all the above is local to each session; if you return to a
previous session, the connection for that session is the one which will
be reopened.



25.4.4 Completion
-----------------

Completion of local and remote files, directories, sessions and
bookmarks is supported.  The older, compctl-style completion is defined
when zfinit is called; support for the new widget-based completion
system is provided in the function Completion/Zsh/Command/_zftp, which
should be installed with the other functions of the completion system
and hence should automatically be available.


File: zsh.info,  Node: User Contributions,  Prev: Zftp Function System,  Up: Top

26 User Contributions
*********************



26.1 Description
================

The Zsh source distribution includes a number of items contributed by
the user community.  These are not inherently a part of the shell, and
some may not be available in every zsh installation.  The most
significant of these are documented here.  For documentation on other
contributed items such as shell functions, look for comments in the
function source files.



* Menu:

* Utilities::
* Recent Directories::
* Other Directory Functions::
* Version Control Information::
* Prompt Themes::
* ZLE Functions::
* Exception Handling::
* MIME Functions::
* Mathematical Functions::
* User Configuration Functions::
* Other Functions::



File: zsh.info,  Node: Utilities,  Next: Recent Directories,  Up: User Contributions

26.2 Utilities
==============



26.2.1 Accessing On-Line Help
-----------------------------



The key sequence ESC h is normally bound by ZLE to execute the run-help
widget (see *Note Zsh Line Editor::).  This invokes the run-help
command with the command word from the current input line as its
argument.  By default, run-help is an alias for the man command, so
this often fails when the command word is a shell builtin or a
user-defined function.  By redefining the run-help alias, one can
improve the on-line help provided by the shell.

The helpfiles utility, found in the Util directory of the distribution,
is a Perl program that can be used to process the zsh manual to produce
a separate help file for each shell builtin and for many other shell
features as well.  The autoloadable run-help function, found in
Functions/Misc, searches for these helpfiles and performs several other
tests to produce the most complete help possible for the command.

Help files are installed by default to a subdirectory of /usr/share/zsh
or /usr/local/share/zsh.

To create your own help files with helpfiles, choose or create a
directory where the individual command help files will reside.  For
example, you might choose ~/zsh_help.  If you unpacked the zsh
distribution in your home directory, you would use the commands:


     mkdir ~/zsh_help
     perl ~/zsh-5.8.1/Util/helpfiles ~/zsh_help

The HELPDIR parameter tells run-help where to look for the help files.
When unset, it uses the default installation path.  To use your own set
of help files, set this to the appropriate path in one of your startup
files:


     HELPDIR=~/zsh_help

To use the run-help function, you need to add lines something like the
following to your .zshrc or equivalent startup file:


     unalias run-help
     autoload run-help

Note that in order for `autoload run-help' to work, the run-help file
must be in one of the directories named in your fpath array (see *Note
Parameters Used By The Shell::).  This should already be the case if
you have a standard zsh installation; if it is not, copy
Functions/Misc/run-help to an appropriate directory.



26.2.2 Recompiling Functions
----------------------------



If you frequently edit your zsh functions, or periodically update your
zsh installation to track the latest developments, you may find that
function digests compiled with the zcompile builtin are frequently out
of date with respect to the function source files.  This is not usually
a problem, because zsh always looks for the newest file when loading a
function, but it may cause slower shell startup and function loading.
Also, if a digest file is explicitly used as an element of fpath, zsh
won't check whether any of its source files has changed.

The zrecompile autoloadable function, found in Functions/Misc, can be
used to keep function digests up to date.


zrecompile [ -qt ] [ NAME ... ]
zrecompile [ -qt ] -p ARG ... [ -- ARG ... ]
     This tries to find *.zwc files and automatically re-compile them
     if at least one of the original files is newer than the compiled
     file.  This works only if the names stored in the compiled files
     are full paths or are relative to the directory that contains the
     .zwc file.

     In the first form, each NAME is the name of a compiled file or a
     directory containing *.zwc files that should be checked.  If no
     arguments are given, the directories and *.zwc files in fpath are
     used.

     When -t is given, no compilation is performed, but a return status
     of zero (true) is set if there are files that need to be
     re-compiled and non-zero (false) otherwise.  The -q option quiets
     the chatty output that describes what zrecompile is doing.

     Without the -t option, the return status is zero if all files that
     needed re-compilation could be compiled and non-zero if
     compilation for at least one of the files failed.

     If the -p option is given, the ARGs are interpreted as one or more
     sets of arguments for zcompile, separated by `--'.  For example:


          zrecompile -p \
                     -R ~/.zshrc -- \
                     -M ~/.zcompdump -- \
                     ~/zsh/comp.zwc ~/zsh/Completion/*/_*

     This compiles ~/.zshrc into ~/.zshrc.zwc if that doesn't exist or
     if it is older than ~/.zshrc. The compiled file will be marked for
     reading instead of mapping. The same is done for ~/.zcompdump and
     ~/.zcompdump.zwc, but this compiled file is marked for mapping. The
     last line re-creates the file ~/zsh/comp.zwc if any of the files
     matching the given pattern is newer than it.

     Without the -p option, zrecompile does not create function digests
     that do not already exist, nor does it add new functions to the
     digest.


The following shell loop is an example of a method for creating function
digests for all functions in your fpath, assuming that you have write
permission to the directories:


     for ((i=1; i <= $#fpath; ++i)); do
       dir=$fpath[i]
       zwc=${dir:t}.zwc
       if [[ $dir == (.|..) || $dir == (.|..)/* ]]; then
         continue
       fi
       files=($dir/*(N-.))
       if [[ -w $dir:h && -n $files ]]; then
         files=(${${(M)files%/*/*}#/})
         if ( cd $dir:h &&
              zrecompile -p -U -z $zwc $files ); then
           fpath[i]=$fpath[i].zwc
         fi
       fi
     done

The -U and -z options are appropriate for functions in the default zsh
installation fpath; you may need to use different options for your
personal function directories.

Once the digests have been created and your fpath modified to refer to
them, you can keep them up to date by running zrecompile with no
arguments.



26.2.3 Keyboard Definition
--------------------------



The large number of possible combinations of keyboards, workstations,
terminals, emulators, and window systems makes it impossible for zsh to
have built-in key bindings for every situation.  The zkbd utility,
found in Functions/Misc, can help you quickly create key bindings for
your configuration.

Run zkbd either as an autoloaded function, or as a shell script:


     zsh -f ~/zsh-5.8.1/Functions/Misc/zkbd

When you run zkbd, it first asks you to enter your terminal type; if
the default it offers is correct, just press return.  It then asks you
to press a number of different keys to determine characteristics of your
keyboard and terminal; zkbd warns you if it finds anything out of the
ordinary, such as a Delete key that sends neither ^H nor ^?.

The keystrokes read by zkbd are recorded as a definition for an
associative array named key, written to a file in the subdirectory
.zkbd within either your HOME or ZDOTDIR directory.  The name of the
file is composed from the TERM, VENDOR and OSTYPE parameters, joined by
hyphens.

You may read this file into your .zshrc or another startup file with
the `source' or `.' commands, then reference the key parameter in
bindkey commands, like this:


     source ${ZDOTDIR:-$HOME}/.zkbd/$TERM-$VENDOR-$OSTYPE
     [[ -n ${key[Left]} ]] && bindkey "${key[Left]}" backward-char
     [[ -n ${key[Right]} ]] && bindkey "${key[Right]}" forward-char
     # etc.

Note that in order for `autoload zkbd' to work, the zkdb file must be
in one of the directories named in your fpath array (see *Note
Parameters Used By The Shell::).  This should already be the case if
you have a standard zsh installation; if it is not, copy
Functions/Misc/zkbd to an appropriate directory.



26.2.4 Dumping Shell State
--------------------------



Occasionally you may encounter what appears to be a bug in the shell,
particularly if you are using a beta version of zsh or a development
release.  Usually it is sufficient to send a description of the problem
to one of the zsh mailing lists (see *Note Mailing Lists::), but
sometimes one of the zsh developers will need to recreate your
environment in order to track the problem down.

The script named reporter, found in the Util directory of the
distribution, is provided for this purpose.  (It is also possible to
autoload reporter, but reporter is not installed in fpath by default.)
This script outputs a detailed dump of the shell state, in the form of
another script that can be read with `zsh -f' to recreate that state.

To use reporter, read the script into your shell with the `.'  command
and redirect the output into a file:


     . ~/zsh-5.8.1/Util/reporter > zsh.report

You should check the zsh.report file for any sensitive information such
as passwords and delete them by hand before sending the script to the
developers.  Also, as the output can be voluminous, it's best to wait
for the developers to ask for this information before sending it.

You can also use reporter to dump only a subset of the shell state.
This is sometimes useful for creating startup files for the first time.
Most of the output from reporter is far more detailed than usually is
necessary for a startup file, but the aliases, options, and zstyles
states may be useful because they include only changes from the
defaults.  The bindings state may be useful if you have created any of
your own keymaps, because reporter arranges to dump the keymap creation
commands as well as the bindings for every keymap.

As is usual with automated tools, if you create a startup file with
reporter, you should edit the results to remove unnecessary commands.
Note that if you're using the new completion system, you should _not_
dump the functions state to your startup files with reporter; use the
compdump function instead (see *Note Completion System::).


reporter [ STATE ... ]
     Print to standard output the indicated subset of the current shell
     state.  The STATE arguments may be one or more of:


    all
          Output everything listed below.

    aliases
          Output alias definitions.

    bindings
          Output ZLE key maps and bindings.

    completion
          Output old-style compctl commands.  New completion is covered
          by functions and zstyles.

    functions
          Output autoloads and function definitions.

    limits
          Output limit commands.

    options
          Output setopt commands.

    styles
          Same as zstyles.

    variables
          Output shell parameter assignments, plus export commands for
          any environment variables.

    zstyles
          Output zstyle commands.

     If the STATE is omitted, all is assumed.

     With the exception of `all', every STATE can be abbreviated by any
     prefix, even a single letter; thus a is the same as aliases, z is
     the same as zstyles, etc.


26.2.5 Manipulating Hook Functions
----------------------------------




add-zsh-hook [ -L | -dD ] [ -Uzk ] HOOK FUNCTION
     Several functions are special to the shell, as described in the
     section Special Functions, *Note Functions::, in that they are
     automatically called at specific points during shell execution.
     Each has an associated array consisting of names of functions to be
     called at the same point; these are so-called `hook functions'.
     The shell function add-zsh-hook provides a simple way of adding or
     removing functions from the array.

     HOOK is one of chpwd, periodic, precmd, preexec, zshaddhistory,
     zshexit, or zsh_directory_name, the special functions in question.
     Note that zsh_directory_name is called in a different way from
     the other functions, but may still be manipulated as a hook.

     FUNCTION is name of an ordinary shell function.  If no options are
     given this will be added to the array of functions to be executed
     in the given context.  Functions are invoked in the order they
     were added.

     If the option -L is given, the current values for the hook arrays
     are listed with typeset.

     If the option -d is given, the FUNCTION is removed from the array
     of functions to be executed.

     If the option -D is given, the FUNCTION is treated as a pattern
     and any matching names of functions are removed from the array of
     functions to be executed.

     The options -U, -z and -k are passed as arguments to autoload for
     FUNCTION.  For functions contributed with zsh, the options -Uz are
     appropriate.

add-zle-hook-widget [ -L | -dD ] [ -Uzk ] HOOK WIDGETNAME
     Several widget names are special to the line editor, as described
     in the section Special Widgets, *Note Zle Widgets::, in that they
     are automatically called at specific points during editing.
     Unlike function hooks, these do not use a predefined array of
     other names to call at the same point; the shell function
     add-zle-hook-widget maintains a similar array and arranges for the
     special widget to invoke those additional widgets.

     HOOK is one of isearch-exit, isearch-update, line-pre-redraw,
     line-init, line-finish, history-line-set, or keymap-select,
     corresponding to each of the special widgets zle-isearch-exit,
     etc.  The special widget names are also accepted as the HOOK
     argument.

     WIDGETNAME is the name of a ZLE widget.  If no options are given
     this is added to the array of widgets to be invoked in the given
     hook context.  Widgets are invoked in the order they were added,
     with
          zle WIDGETNAME -Nw -- "$@"

     Note that this means that the `WIDGET' special parameter tracks the
     WIDGETNAME when the widget function is called, rather than tracking
     the name of the corresponding special hook widget.

     If the option -d is given, the WIDGETNAME is removed from the
     array of widgets to be executed.

     If the option -D is given, the WIDGETNAME is treated as a pattern
     and any matching names of widgets are removed from the array.

     If WIDGETNAME does not name an existing widget when added to the
     array, it is assumed that a shell function also named WIDGETNAME is
     meant to provide the implementation of the widget.  This name is
     therefore marked for autoloading, and the options -U, -z and -k are
     passed as arguments to autoload as with add-zsh-hook.  The widget
     is also created with `zle -N WIDGETNAME' to cause the
     corresponding function to be loaded the first time the hook is
     called.

     The arrays of WIDGETNAME are currently maintained in zstyle
     contexts, one for each HOOK context, with a style of `widgets'.
     If the -L option is given, this set of styles is listed with
     `zstyle -L'.  This implementation may change, and the special
     widgets that refer to the styles are created only if
     add-zle-hook-widget is called to add at least one widget, so if
     this function is used for any hooks, then all hooks should be
     managed only via this function.




File: zsh.info,  Node: Recent Directories,  Next: Other Directory Functions,  Prev: Utilities,  Up: User Contributions

26.3 Remembering Recent Directories
===================================

The function cdr allows you to change the working directory to a
previous working directory from a list maintained automatically.  It is
similar in concept to the directory stack controlled by the pushd, popd
and dirs builtins, but is more configurable, and as it stores all
entries in files it is maintained across sessions and (by default)
between terminal emulators in the current session.  Duplicates are
automatically removed, so that the list reflects the single most recent
use of each directory.

Note that the pushd directory stack is not actually modified or used by
cdr unless you configure it to do so as described in the configuration
section below.



26.3.1 Installation
-------------------

The system works by means of a hook function that is called every time
the directory changes.  To install the system, autoload the required
functions and use the add-zsh-hook function described above:


     autoload -Uz chpwd_recent_dirs cdr add-zsh-hook
     add-zsh-hook chpwd chpwd_recent_dirs

Now every time you change directly interactively, no matter which
command you use, the directory to which you change will be remembered
in most-recent-first order.



26.3.2 Use
----------

All direct user interaction is via the cdr function.

The argument to cdr is a number N corresponding to the Nth most
recently changed-to directory.  1 is the immediately preceding
directory; the current directory is remembered but is not offered as a
destination.  Note that if you have multiple windows open 1 may refer
to a directory changed to in another window; you can avoid this by
having per-terminal files for storing directory as described for the
recent-dirs-file style below.

If you set the recent-dirs-default style described below cdr will
behave the same as cd if given a non-numeric argument, or more than one
argument.  The recent directory list is updated just the same however
you change directory.

If the argument is omitted, 1 is assumed.  This is similar to pushd's
behaviour of swapping the two most recent directories on the stack.

Completion for the argument to cdr is available if compinit has been
run; menu selection is recommended, using:


     zstyle ':completion:*:*:cdr:*:*' menu selection

to allow you to cycle through recent directories; the order is
preserved, so the first choice is the most recent directory before the
current one.  The verbose style is also recommended to ensure the
directory is shown; this style is on by default so no action is
required unless you have changed it.



26.3.3 Options
--------------

The behaviour of cdr may be modified by the following options.


-l
     lists the numbers and the corresponding directories in abbreviated
     form (i.e. with ~ substitution reapplied), one per line.  The
     directories here are not quoted (this would only be an issue if a
     directory name contained a newline).  This is used by the
     completion system.

-r
     sets the variable reply to the current set of directories.  Nothing
     is printed and the directory is not changed.

-e
     allows you to edit the list of directories, one per line.  The
     list can be edited to any extent you like; no sanity checking is
     performed.  Completion is available.  No quoting is necessary
     (except for newlines, where I have in any case no sympathy);
     directories are in unabbreviated from and contain an absolute
     path, i.e. they start with /.  Usually the first entry should be
     left as the current directory.

-p 'PATTERN'
     Prunes any items in the directory list that match the given
     extended glob pattern; the pattern needs to be quoted from
     immediate expansion on the command line.  The pattern is matched
     against each completely expanded file name in the list; the full
     string must match, so wildcards at the end (e.g. '*removeme*') are
     needed to remove entries with a given substring.

     If output is to a terminal, then the function will print the new
     list after pruning and prompt for confirmation by the user.  This
     output and confirmation step can be skipped by using -P instead of
     -p.



26.3.4 Configuration
--------------------

Configuration is by means of the styles mechanism that should be
familiar from completion; if not, see the description of the zstyle
command in *Note The zsh/zutil Module::.  The context for setting styles
should be ':chpwd:*' in case the meaning of the context is extended in
future, for example:


     zstyle ':chpwd:*' recent-dirs-max 0

sets the value of the recent-dirs-max style to 0.  In practice the
style name is specific enough that a context of '*' should be fine.

An exception is recent-dirs-insert, which is used exclusively by the
completion system and so has the usual completion system context
(':completion:*' if nothing more specific is needed), though again '*'
should be fine in practice.


recent-dirs-default
     If true, and the command is expecting a recent directory index, and
     either there is more than one argument or the argument is not an
     integer, then fall through to "cd".  This allows the lazy to use
     only one command for directory changing.  Completion recognises
     this, too; see recent-dirs-insert for how to control completion
     when this option is in use.

recent-dirs-file
     The file where the list of directories is saved.  The default is
     ${ZDOTDIR:-$HOME}/.chpwd-recent-dirs, i.e. this is in your home
     directory unless you have set the variable ZDOTDIR to point
     somewhere else.  Directory names are saved in $'...' quoted form,
     so each line in the file can be supplied directly to the shell as
     an argument.

     The value of this style may be an array.  In this case, the first
     file in the list will always be used for saving directories while
     any other files are left untouched.  When reading the recent
     directory list, if there are fewer than the maximum number of
     entries in the first file, the contents of later files in the
     array will be appended with duplicates removed from the list
     shown.  The contents of the two files are not sorted together,
     i.e. all the entries in the first file are shown first.  The
     special value + can appear in the list to indicate the default
     file should be read at that point.  This allows effects like the
     following:


          zstyle ':chpwd:*' recent-dirs-file \
          ~/.chpwd-recent-dirs-${TTY##*/} +

     Recent directories are read from a file numbered according to the
     terminal.  If there are insufficient entries the list is
     supplemented from the default file.

     It is possible to use zstyle -e to make the directory configurable
     at run time:


          zstyle -e ':chpwd:*' recent-dirs-file pick-recent-dirs-file
          pick-recent-dirs-file() {
            if [[ $PWD = ~/text/writing(|/*) ]]; then
              reply=(~/.chpwd-recent-dirs-writing)
            else
              reply=(+)
            fi
          }

     In this example, if the current directory is ~/text/writing or a
     directory under it, then use a special file for saving recent
     directories, else use the default.

recent-dirs-insert
     Used by completion.  If recent-dirs-default is true, then setting
     this to true causes the actual directory, rather than its index, to
     be inserted on the command line; this has the same effect as using
     the corresponding index, but makes the history clearer and the line
     easier to edit.  With this setting, if part of an argument was
     already typed, normal directory completion rather than recent
     directory completion is done; this is because recent directory
     completion is expected to be done by cycling through entries menu
     fashion.

     If the value of the style is always, then only recent directories
     will be completed; in that case, use the cd command when you want
     to complete other directories.

     If the value is fallback, recent directories will be tried first,
     then normal directory completion is performed if recent directory
     completion failed to find a match.

     Finally, if the value is both then both sets of completions are
     presented; the usual tag mechanism can be used to distinguish
     results, with recent directories tagged as recent-dirs.  Note that
     the recent directories inserted are abbreviated with directory
     names where appropriate.

recent-dirs-max
     The maximum number of directories to save to the file.  If this is
     zero or negative there is no maximum.  The default is 20.  Note
     this includes the current directory, which isn't offered, so the
     highest number of directories you will be offered is one less than
     the maximum.

recent-dirs-prune
     This style is an array determining what directories should (or
     should not) be added to the recent list.  Elements of the array
     can include:


    parent
          Prune parents (more accurately, ancestors) from the recent
          list.  If present, changing directly down by any number of
          directories causes the current directory to be overwritten.
          For example, changing from ~pws to ~pws/some/other/dir causes
          ~pws not to be left on the recent directory stack.  This only
          applies to direct changes to descendant directories; earlier
          directories on the list are not pruned.  For example,
          changing from ~pws/yet/another to ~pws/some/other/dir does
          not cause ~pws to be pruned.

    pattern:PATTERN
          Gives a zsh pattern for directories that should not be added
          to the recent list (if not already there).  This element can
          be repeated to add different patterns.  For example,
          'pattern:/tmp(|/*)' stops /tmp or its descendants from being
          added.  The EXTENDED_GLOB option is always turned on for
          these patterns.


recent-dirs-pushd
     If set to true, cdr will use pushd instead of cd to change the
     directory, so the directory is saved on the directory stack.  As
     the directory stack is completely separate from the list of files
     saved by the mechanism used in this file there is no obvious
     reason to do this.



26.3.5 Use with dynamic directory naming
----------------------------------------

It is possible to refer to recent directories using the dynamic
directory name syntax by using the supplied function
zsh_directory_name_cdr a hook:


     autoload -Uz add-zsh-hook
     add-zsh-hook -Uz zsh_directory_name zsh_directory_name_cdr

When this is done, ~[1] will refer to the most recent directory other
than $PWD, and so on.  Completion after ~[...  also works.



26.3.6 Details of directory handling
------------------------------------

This section is for the curious or confused; most users will not need
to know this information.

Recent directories are saved to a file immediately and hence are
preserved across sessions.  Note currently no file locking is applied:
the list is updated immediately on interactive commands and nowhere else
(unlike history), and it is assumed you are only going to change
directory in one window at once.  This is not safe on shared accounts,
but in any case the system has limited utility when someone else is
changing to a different set of directories behind your back.

To make this a little safer, only directory changes instituted from the
command line, either directly or indirectly through shell function calls
(but not through subshells, evals, traps, completion functions and the
like) are saved.  Shell functions should use cd -q or pushd -q to avoid
side effects if the change to the directory is to be invisible at the
command line.  See the contents of the function chpwd_recent_dirs for
more details.




File: zsh.info,  Node: Other Directory Functions,  Next: Version Control Information,  Prev: Recent Directories,  Up: User Contributions

26.4 Abbreviated dynamic references to directories
==================================================

The dynamic directory naming system is described in the subsection
_Dynamic named directories_ of *Note Filename Expansion::.  In this, a
reference to ~[...] is expanded by a function found by the hooks
mechanism.

The contributed function zsh_directory_name_generic provides a system
allowing the user to refer to directories with only a limited amount of
new code.  It supports all three of the standard interfaces for
directory naming: converting from a name to a directory, converting in
the reverse direction to find a short name, and completion of names.

The main feature of this function is a path-like syntax, combining
abbreviations at multiple levels separated by ":".  As an example,
~[g:p:s] might specify:
g
     The top level directory for your git area.  This first component
     has to match, or the function will return indicating another
     directory name hook function should be tried.

p
     The name of a project within your git area.

s
     The source area within that project.

   This allows you to collapse references to long hierarchies to a very
compact form, particularly if the hierarchies are similar across
different areas of the disk.

Name components may be completed: if a description is shown at the top
of the list of completions, it includes the path to which previous
components expand, while the description for an individual completion
shows the path segment it would add.  No additional configuration is
needed for this as the completion system is aware of the dynamic
directory name mechanism.



26.4.1 Usage
------------

To use the function, first define a wrapper function for your specific
case.  We'll assume it's to be autoloaded.  This can have any name but
we'll refer to it as zdn_mywrapper.  This wrapper function will define
various variables and then call this function with the same arguments
that the wrapper function gets.  This configuration is described below.

Then arrange for the wrapper to be run as a zsh_directory_name hook:


     autoload -Uz add-zsh-hook zsh_diretory_name_generic zdn_mywrapper
     add-zsh-hook -U zsh_directory_name zdn_mywrapper


26.4.2 Configuration
--------------------

The wrapper function should define a local associative array zdn_top.
Alternatively, this can be set with a style called mapping.  The
context for the style is :zdn:WRAPPER-NAME where WRAPPER-NAME is the
function calling zsh_directory_name_generic; for example:


     zstyle :zdn:zdn_mywrapper: mapping zdn_mywrapper_top

The keys in this associative array correspond to the first component of
the name.  The values are matching directories.  They may have an
optional suffix with a slash followed by a colon and the name of a
variable in the same format to give the next component.  (The slash
before the colon is to disambiguate the case where a colon is needed in
the path for a drive.  There is otherwise no syntax for escaping this,
so path components whose names start with a colon are not supported.)  A
special component :default: specifies a variable in the form /:VAR (the
path section is ignored and so is usually empty) that will be used for
the next component if no variable is given for the path.  Variables
referred to within zdn_top have the same format as zdn_top itself, but
contain relative paths.

For example,


     local -A zdn_top=(
       g   ~/git
       ga  ~/alternate/git
       gs  /scratch/$USER/git/:second2
       :default: /:second1
     )

This specifies the behaviour of a directory referred to as ~[g:...]  or
~[ga:...] or ~[gs:...].  Later path components are optional; in that
case ~[g] expands to ~/git, and so on.  gs expands to
/scratch/$USER/git and uses the associative array second2 to match the
second component; g and ga use the associative array second1 to match
the second component.

When expanding a name to a directory, if the first component is not g or
ga or gs, it is not an error; the function simply returns 1 so that a
later hook function can be tried.  However, matching the first component
commits the function, so if a later component does not match, an error
is printed (though this still does not stop later hooks from being
executed).

For components after the first, a relative path is expected, but note
that multiple levels may still appear.  Here is an example of second1:


     local -A second1=(
       p   myproject
       s   somproject
       os  otherproject/subproject/:third
     )

The path as found from zdn_top is extended with the matching directory,
so ~[g:p] becomes ~/git/myproject.  The slash between is added
automatically (it's not possible to have a later component modify the
name of a directory already matched).  Only os specifies a variable for
a third component, and there's no :default:, so it's an error to use a
name like ~[g:p:x] or ~[ga:s:y] because there's nowhere to look up the
x or y.

The associative arrays need to be visible within this function; the
generic function therefore uses internal variable names beginning _zdn_
in order to avoid clashes.  Note that the variable reply needs to be
passed back to the shell, so should not be local in the calling
function.

The function does not test whether directories assembled by component
actually exist; this allows the system to work across automounted file
systems.  The error from the command trying to use a non-existent
directory should be sufficient to indicate the problem.



26.4.3 Complete example
-----------------------

Here is a full fictitious but usable autoloadable definition of the
example function defined by the code above.  So ~[gs:p:s] expands to
/scratch/$USER/git/myscratchproject/top/srcdir (with $USER also
expanded).


     local -A zdn_top=(
       g   ~/git
       ga  ~/alternate/git
       gs  /scratch/$USER/git/:second2
       :default: /:second1
     )

     local -A second1=(
       p   myproject
       s   somproject
       os  otherproject/subproject/:third
     )

     local -A second2=(
       p   myscratchproject
       s   somescratchproject
     )

     local -A third=(
       s   top/srcdir
       d   top/documentation
     )

     # autoload not needed if you did this at initialisation...
     autoload -Uz zsh_directory_name_generic
     zsh_directory_name_generic "$@

It is also possible to use global associative arrays, suitably named,
and set the style for the context of your wrapper function to refer to
this.  Then your set up code would contain the following:


     typeset -A zdn_mywrapper_top=(...)
     # ... and so on for other associative arrays ...
     zstyle ':zdn:zdn_mywrapper:' mapping zdn_mywrapper_top
     autoload -Uz add-zsh-hook zsh_directory_name_generic zdn_mywrapper
     add-zsh-hook -U zsh_directory_name zdn_mywrapper

and the function zdn_mywrapper would contain only the following:


     zsh_directory_name_generic "$@"



File: zsh.info,  Node: Version Control Information,  Next: Prompt Themes,  Prev: Other Directory Functions,  Up: User Contributions

26.5 Gathering information from version control systems
=======================================================



In a lot of cases, it is nice to automatically retrieve information from
version control systems (VCSs), such as subversion, CVS or git, to be
able to provide it to the user; possibly in the user's prompt. So that
you can instantly tell which branch you are currently on, for example.

In order to do that, you may use the vcs_info function.

The following VCSs are supported, showing the abbreviated name by which
they are referred to within the system:
Bazaar (bzr)
     `https://bazaar.canonical.com/'

Codeville (cdv)
     `http://freecode.com/projects/codeville/'

Concurrent Versioning System (cvs)
     `https://www.nongnu.org/cvs/'

Darcs (darcs)
     `http://darcs.net/'

Fossil (fossil)
     `https://fossil-scm.org/'

Git (git)
     `https://git-scm.com/'

GNU arch (tla)
     `https://www.gnu.org/software/gnu-arch/'

Mercurial (hg)
     `https://www.mercurial-scm.org/'

Monotone (mtn)
     `https://monotone.ca/'

Perforce (p4)
     `https://www.perforce.com/'

Subversion (svn)
     `https://subversion.apache.org/'

SVK (svk)
     `https://svk.bestpractical.com/'

There is also support for the patch management system quilt
(`https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt'). See *Note vcs_info
Quilt Support:: below for details.

To load vcs_info:


     autoload -Uz vcs_info

It can be used in any existing prompt, because it does not require any
specific $psvar entries to be available.



* Menu:

* vcs_info Quickstart::
* vcs_info Configuration::
* vcs_info Oddities::
* vcs_info Quilt Support::
* vcs_info API::
* vcs_info Variables::
* vcs_info Hooks::
* vcs_info Examples::



File: zsh.info,  Node: vcs_info Quickstart,  Next: vcs_info Configuration,  Up: Version Control Information

26.5.1 Quickstart
-----------------

To get this feature working quickly (including colors), you can do the
following (assuming, you loaded vcs_info properly - see above):


     zstyle ':vcs_info:*' actionformats \
         '%F{5}(%f%s%F{5})%F{3}-%F{5}[%F{2}%b%F{3}|%F{1}%a%F{5}]%f '
     zstyle ':vcs_info:*' formats       \
         '%F{5}(%f%s%F{5})%F{3}-%F{5}[%F{2}%b%F{5}]%f '
     zstyle ':vcs_info:(sv[nk]|bzr):*' branchformat '%b%F{1}:%F{3}%r'
     precmd () { vcs_info }
     PS1='%F{5}[%F{2}%n%F{5}] %F{3}%3~ ${vcs_info_msg_0_}%f%# '

Obviously, the last two lines are there for demonstration. You need to
call vcs_info from your precmd function. Once that is done you need a
_single quoted_ '${vcs_info_msg_0_}' in your prompt.

To be able to use '${vcs_info_msg_0_}' directly in your prompt like
this, you will need to have the PROMPT_SUBST option enabled.

Now call the vcs_info_printsys utility from the command line:


     % vcs_info_printsys
     ## list of supported version control backends:
     ## disabled systems are prefixed by a hash sign (#)
     bzr
     cdv
     cvs
     darcs
     fossil
     git
     hg
     mtn
     p4
     svk
     svn
     tla
     ## flavours (cannot be used in the enable or disable styles; they
     ## are enabled and disabled with their master [git-svn -> git])
     ## they *can* be used in contexts: ':vcs_info:git-svn:*'.
     git-p4
     git-svn
     hg-git
     hg-hgsubversion
     hg-hgsvn

You may not want all of these because there is no point in running the
code to detect systems you do not use.  So there is a way to disable
some backends altogether:


     zstyle ':vcs_info:*' disable bzr cdv darcs mtn svk tla

You may also pick a few from that list and enable only those:


     zstyle ':vcs_info:*' enable git cvs svn

If you rerun vcs_info_printsys after one of these commands, you will
see the backends listed in the disable style (or backends not in the
enable style - if you used that) marked as disabled by a hash sign.
That means the detection of these systems is skipped _completely_. No
wasted time there.




File: zsh.info,  Node: vcs_info Configuration,  Next: vcs_info Oddities,  Prev: vcs_info Quickstart,  Up: Version Control Information

26.5.2 Configuration
--------------------

The vcs_info feature can be configured via zstyle.

First, the context in which we are working:
     :vcs_info:VCS-STRING:USER-CONTEXT:REPO-ROOT-NAME


VCS-STRING
     is one of: git, git-svn, git-p4, hg, hg-git, hg-hgsubversion,
     hg-hgsvn, darcs, bzr, cdv, mtn, svn, cvs, svk, tla, p4 or fossil.
     This is followed by `.quilt-QUILT-MODE' in Quilt mode (see *Note
     vcs_info Quilt Support:: for details) and by `+HOOK-NAME' while
     hooks are active (see *Note vcs_info Hooks:: for details).

     Currently, hooks in quilt mode don't add the `.quilt-QUILT-MODE'
     information.  This may change in the future.

USER-CONTEXT
     is a freely configurable string, assignable by the user as the
     first argument to vcs_info (see its description below).

REPO-ROOT-NAME
     is the name of a repository in which you want a style to match.
     So, if you want a setting specific to /usr/src/zsh, with that
     being a CVS checkout, you can set REPO-ROOT-NAME to zsh to make it
     so.


There are three special values for VCS-STRING: The first is named
-init-, that is in effect as long as there was no decision what VCS
backend to use. The second is -preinit-; it is used _before_ vcs_info
is run, when initializing the data exporting variables. The third
special value is formats and is used by the vcs_info_lastmsg for
looking up its styles.

The initial value of REPO-ROOT-NAME is -all- and it is replaced with
the actual name, as soon as it is known. Only use this part of the
context for defining the formats, actionformats or branchformat styles,
as it is guaranteed that REPO-ROOT-NAME is set up correctly for these
only. For all other styles, just use '*' instead.

There are two pre-defined values for USER-CONTEXT:
default
     the one used if none is specified

command
     used by vcs_info_lastmsg to lookup its styles

You can of course use ':vcs_info:*' to match all VCSs in all
user-contexts at once.

This is a description of all styles that are looked up.


formats
     A list of formats, used when actionformats is not used (which is
     most of the time).

actionformats
     A list of formats, used if there is a special action going on in
     your current repository; like an interactive rebase or a merge
     conflict.

branchformat
     Some backends replace %b in the formats and actionformats styles
     above, not only by a branch name but also by a revision number.
     This style lets you modify how that string should look.

nvcsformats
     These "formats" are set when we didn't detect a version control
     system for the current directory or vcs_info was disabled. This is
     useful if you want vcs_info to completely take over the generation
     of your prompt. You would do something like
     PS1='${vcs_info_msg_0_}' to accomplish that.

hgrevformat
     hg uses both a hash and a revision number to reference a specific
     changeset in a repository. With this style you can format the
     revision string (see branchformat) to include either or both. It's
     only useful when get-revision is true. Note, the full 40-character
     revision id is not available (except when using the use-simple
     option) because executing hg more than once per prompt is too
     slow; you may customize this behavior using hooks.

max-exports
     Defines the maximum number of vcs_info_msg_*_ variables vcs_info
     will set.

enable
     A list of backends you want to use. Checked in the -init- context.
     If this list contains an item called NONE no backend is used at
     all and vcs_info will do nothing. If this list contains ALL,
     vcs_info will use all known backends. Only with ALL in enable will
     the disable style have any effect. ALL and NONE are case
     insensitive.

disable
     A list of VCSs you don't want vcs_info to test for repositories
     (checked in the -init- context, too). Only used if enable contains
     ALL.

disable-patterns
     A list of patterns that are checked against $PWD. If a pattern
     matches, vcs_info will be disabled. This style is checked in the
     :vcs_info:-init-:*:-all- context.

     Say, ~/.zsh is a directory under version control, in which you do
     not want vcs_info to be active, do:
          zstyle ':vcs_info:*' disable-patterns "${(b)HOME}/.zsh(|/*)"

use-quilt
     If enabled, the quilt support code is active in `addon' mode.  See
     *Note vcs_info Quilt Support:: for details.

quilt-standalone
     If enabled, `standalone' mode detection is attempted if no VCS is
     active in a given directory. See *Note vcs_info Quilt Support::
     for details.

quilt-patch-dir
     Overwrite the value of the $QUILT_PATCHES environment variable. See
     *Note vcs_info Quilt Support:: for details.

quiltcommand
     When quilt itself is called in quilt support, the value of this
     style is used as the command name.

check-for-changes
     If enabled, this style causes the %c and %u format escapes to show
     when the working directory has uncommitted changes. The strings
     displayed by these escapes can be controlled via the stagedstr and
     unstagedstr styles. The only backends that currently support this
     option are git, hg, and bzr (the latter two only support unstaged).

     For this style to be evaluated with the hg backend, the
     get-revision style needs to be set and the use-simple style needs
     to be unset. The latter is the default; the former is not.

     With the bzr backend, _lightweight checkouts_ only honor this
     style if the use-server style is set.

     Note, the actions taken if this style is enabled are potentially
     expensive (read: they may be slow, depending on how big the
     current repository is).  Therefore, it is disabled by default.

check-for-staged-changes
     This style is like check-for-changes, but it never checks the
     worktree files, only the metadata in the .${vcs} dir.  Therefore,
     this style initializes only the %c escape (with stagedstr) but not
     the %u escape.  This style is faster than check-for-changes.

     In the git backend, this style checks for changes in the index.
     Other backends do not currently implement this style.

     This style is disabled by default.

stagedstr
     This string will be used in the %c escape if there are staged
     changes in the repository.

unstagedstr
     This string will be used in the %u escape if there are unstaged
     changes in the repository.

command
     This style causes vcs_info to use the supplied string as the
     command to use as the VCS's binary. Note, that setting this in
     ':vcs_info:*' is not a good idea.

     If the value of this style is empty (which is the default), the
     used binary name is the name of the backend in use (e.g. svn is
     used in an svn repository).

     The repo-root-name part in the context is always the default -all-
     when this style is looked up.

     For example, this style can be used to use binaries from
     non-default installation directories. Assume, git is installed in
     /usr/bin but your sysadmin installed a newer version in
     /usr/local/bin. Instead of changing the order of your $PATH
     parameter, you can do this:
          zstyle ':vcs_info:git:*:-all-' command /usr/local/bin/git

use-server
     This is used by the Perforce backend (p4) to decide if it should
     contact the Perforce server to find out if a directory is managed
     by Perforce.  This is the only reliable way of doing this, but runs
     the risk of a delay if the server name cannot be found.  If the
     server (more specifically, the host:port pair describing the
     server) cannot be contacted, its name is put into the associative
     array vcs_info_p4_dead_servers and is not contacted again during
     the session until it is removed by hand.  If you do not set this
     style, the p4 backend is only usable if you have set the
     environment variable P4CONFIG to a file name and have
     corresponding files in the root directories of each Perforce
     client.  See comments in the function VCS_INFO_detect_p4 for more
     detail.

     The Bazaar backend (bzr) uses this to permit contacting the server
     about lightweight checkouts, see the check-for-changes style.

use-simple
     If there are two different ways of gathering information, you can
     select the simpler one by setting this style to true; the default
     is to use the not-that-simple code, which is potentially a lot
     slower but might be more accurate in all possible cases. This
     style is used by the bzr and hg backends. In the case of hg it
     will invoke the external hexdump program to parse the binary
     dirstate cache file; this method will not return the local
     revision number.

get-revision
     If set to true, vcs_info goes the extra mile to figure out the
     revision of a repository's work tree (currently for the git and hg
     backends, where this kind of information is not always vital). For
     git, the hash value of the currently checked out commit is
     available via the %i expansion. With hg, the local revision number
     and the corresponding global hash are available via %i.

get-mq
     If set to true, the hg backend will look for a Mercurial Queue (mq)
     patch directory. Information will be available via the `%m'
     replacement.

get-bookmarks
     If set to true, the hg backend will try to get a list of current
     bookmarks. They will be available via the `%m' replacement.

     The default is to generate a comma-separated list of all bookmark
     names that refer to the currently checked out revision.  If a
     bookmark is active, its name is suffixed an asterisk and placed
     first in the list.

use-prompt-escapes
     Determines if we assume that the assembled string from vcs_info
     includes prompt escapes. (Used by vcs_info_lastmsg.)

debug
     Enable debugging output to track possible problems. Currently this
     style is only used by vcs_info's hooks system.

hooks
     A list style that defines hook-function names. See *Note vcs_info
     Hooks:: below for details.

patch-format
nopatch-format
     This pair of styles format the patch information used by the %m
     expando in formats and actionformats for the git and hg backends.
     The value is subject to certain %-expansions described below.  The
     expanded value is made available in the global backend_misc array
     as ${backend_misc[patches]} (also if a set-patch-format hook is
     used).

get-unapplied
     This boolean style controls whether a backend should attempt to
     gather a list of unapplied patches (for example with Mercurial
     Queue patches).

     Used by the quilt and hg backends.


The default values for these styles in all contexts are:


formats
     " (%s)-[%b]%u%c-"

actionformats
     " (%s)-[%b|%a]%u%c-"

branchformat
     "%b:%r" (for bzr, svn, svk and hg)

nvcsformats
     ""

hgrevformat
     "%r:%h"

max-exports
     2

enable
     ALL

disable
     (empty list)

disable-patterns
     (empty list)

check-for-changes
     false

check-for-staged-changes
     false

stagedstr
     (string: "S")

unstagedstr
     (string: "U")

command
     (empty string)

use-server
     false

use-simple
     false

get-revision
     false

get-mq
     true

get-bookmarks
     false

use-prompt-escapes
     true

debug
     false

hooks
     (empty list)

use-quilt
     false

quilt-standalone
     false

quilt-patch-dir
     empty - use $QUILT_PATCHES

quiltcommand
     quilt

patch-format
     BACKEND DEPENDENT

nopatch-format
     BACKEND DEPENDENT

get-unapplied
     false

In normal formats and actionformats the following replacements are done:


%s
     The VCS in use (git, hg, svn, etc.).

%b
     Information about the current branch.

%a
     An identifier that describes the action. Only makes sense in
     actionformats.

%i
     The current revision number or identifier. For hg the hgrevformat
     style may be used to customize the output.

%c
     The string from the stagedstr style if there are staged changes in
     the repository.

%u
     The string from the unstagedstr style if there are unstaged
     changes in the repository.

%R
     The base directory of the repository.

%r
     The repository name. If %R is /foo/bar/repoXY, %r is repoXY.

%S
     A subdirectory within a repository. If $PWD is
     /foo/bar/repoXY/beer/tasty, %S is beer/tasty.

%m
     A "misc" replacement. It is at the discretion of the backend to
     decide what this replacement expands to.

     The hg and git backends use this expando to display patch
     information.  hg sources patch information from the mq extensions;
     git from in-progress rebase and cherry-pick operations and from
     the stgit extension.  The patch-format and nopatch-format styles
     control the generated string.  The former is used when at least
     one patch from the patch queue has been applied, and the latter
     otherwise.

     The hg backend displays bookmark information in this expando (in
     addition to mq information).  See the get-mq and get-bookmarks
     styles.  Both of these styles may be enabled at the same time.  If
     both are enabled, both resulting strings will be shown separated
     by a semicolon (that cannot currently be customized).

     The quilt `standalone' backend sets this expando to the same value
     as the %Q expando.

%Q
     Quilt series information.  When quilt is used (either in `addon'
     mode or as a `standalone' backend), this expando is set to quilt
     series' patch-format string.  The set-patch-format hook and
     nopatch-format style are honoured.

     See *Note vcs_info Quilt Support:: below for details.


In branchformat these replacements are done:


%b
     The branch name.

%r
     The current revision number or the hgrevformat style for hg.

In hgrevformat these replacements are done:


%r
     The current local revision number.

%h
     The current global revision identifier.

In patch-format and nopatch-format these replacements are done:


%p
     The name of the top-most applied patch; may be overridden by the
     applied-string hook.

%u
     The number of unapplied patches; may be overridden by the
     unapplied-string hook.

%n
     The number of applied patches.

%c
     The number of unapplied patches.

%a
     The number of all patches (%a = %n + %c).

%g
     The names of active mq guards (hg backend).

%G
     The number of active mq guards (hg backend).

Not all VCS backends have to support all replacements. For nvcsformats
no replacements are performed at all, it is just a string.




File: zsh.info,  Node: vcs_info Oddities,  Next: vcs_info Quilt Support,  Prev: vcs_info Configuration,  Up: Version Control Information

26.5.3 Oddities
---------------

If you want to use the %b (bold off) prompt expansion in formats, which
expands %b itself, use %%b. That will cause the vcs_info expansion to
replace %%b with %b, so that zsh's prompt expansion mechanism can
handle it. Similarly, to hand down %b from branchformat, use %%%%b.
Sorry for this inconvenience, but it cannot be easily avoided. Luckily
we do not clash with a lot of prompt expansions and this only needs to
be done for those.

When one of the gen-applied-string, gen-unapplied-string, and
set-patch-format hooks is defined, applying %-escaping
(`foo=${foo//'%'/%%}') to the interpolated values for use in the prompt
is the responsibility of those hooks (jointly); when neither of those
hooks is defined, vcs_info handles escaping by itself.  We regret this
coupling, but it was required for backwards compatibility.




File: zsh.info,  Node: vcs_info Quilt Support,  Next: vcs_info API,  Prev: vcs_info Oddities,  Up: Version Control Information

26.5.4 Quilt Support
--------------------

`Quilt' is not a version control system, therefore this is not
implemented as a backend. It can help keeping track of a series of
patches. People use it to keep a set of changes they want to use on top
of software packages (which is tightly integrated into the package
build process - the Debian project does this for a large number of
packages). Quilt can also help individual developers keep track of
their own patches on top of real version control systems.

The vcs_info integration tries to support both ways of using quilt by
having two slightly different modes of operation: `addon' mode and
`standalone' mode).

Quilt integration is off by default; to enable it, set the use-quilt
style, and add %Q to your formats or actionformats style:
     zstyle ':vcs_info:*' use-quilt true

Styles looked up from the Quilt support code include `.quilt-QUILT-MODE'
in the VCS-STRING part of the context, where QUILT-MODE is either addon
or standalone.  Example:
:vcs_info:git.quilt-addon:default:REPO-ROOT-NAME.

For `addon' mode to become active vcs_info must have already detected a
real version control system controlling the directory. If that is the
case, a directory that holds quilt's patches needs to be found. That
directory is configurable via the `QUILT_PATCHES' environment variable.
If that variable exists its value is used, otherwise the value
`patches' is assumed. The value from $QUILT_PATCHES can be overwritten
using the `quilt-patches' style. (Note: you can use vcs_info to keep
the value of $QUILT_PATCHES correct all the time via the post-quilt
hook).

When the directory in question is found, quilt is assumed to be active.
To gather more information, vcs_info looks for a directory called `.pc';
Quilt uses that directory to track its current state. If this directory
does not exist we know that quilt has not done anything to the working
directory (read: no patches have been applied yet).

If patches are applied, vcs_info will try to find out which. If you want
to know which patches of a series are not yet applied, you need to
activate the get-unapplied style in the appropriate context.

vcs_info allows for very detailed control over how the gathered
information is presented (see *Note vcs_info Configuration:: and *Note
vcs_info Hooks::), all of which are documented below. Note there are a
number of other patch tracking systems that work on top of a certain
version control system (like stgit for `git', or mq for `hg'); the
configuration for systems like that are generally configured the same
way as the `quilt' support.

If the `quilt' support is working in `addon' mode, the produced string
is available as a simple format replacement (%Q to be precise), which
can be used in formats and actionformats; see below for details).

If, on the other hand, the support code is working in `standalone' mode,
vcs_info will pretend as if quilt were an actual version control
system. That means that the version control system identifier (which
otherwise would be something like `svn' or `cvs') will be set to
`-quilt-'. This has implications on the used style context where this
identifier is the second element. vcs_info will have filled in a proper
value for the "repository's" root directory and the string containing
the information about quilt's state will be available as the `misc'
replacement (and %Q for compatibility with `addon' mode).

What is left to discuss is how `standalone' mode is detected. The
detection itself is a series of searches for directories. You can have
this detection enabled all the time in every directory that is not
otherwise under version control. If you know there is only a limited
set of trees where you would like vcs_info to try and look for Quilt in
`standalone' mode to minimise the amount of searching on every call to
vcs_info, there are a number of ways to do that:

Essentially, `standalone' mode detection is controlled by a style called
`quilt-standalone'. It is a string style and its value can have
different effects. The simplest values are: `always' to run detection
every time vcs_info is run, and `never' to turn the detection off
entirely.

If the value of quilt-standalone is something else, it is interpreted
differently. If the value is the name of a scalar variable the value of
that variable is checked and that value is used in the same
`always'/`never' way as described above.

If the value of quilt-standalone is an array, the elements of that array
are used as directory names under which you want the detection to be
active.

If quilt-standalone is an associative array, the keys are taken as
directory names under which you want the detection to be active, but
only if the corresponding value is the string `true'.

Last, but not least, if the value of quilt-standalone is the name of a
function, the function is called without arguments and the return value
decides whether detection should be active. A `0' return value is true;
a non-zero return value is interpreted as false.

Note, if there is both a function and a variable by the name of
quilt-standalone, the function will take precedence.




File: zsh.info,  Node: vcs_info API,  Next: vcs_info Variables,  Prev: vcs_info Quilt Support,  Up: Version Control Information

26.5.5 Function Descriptions (Public API)
-----------------------------------------


vcs_info [USER-CONTEXT]
     The main function, that runs all backends and assembles all data
     into ${vcs_info_msg_*_}. This is the function you want to call from
     precmd if you want to include up-to-date information in your
     prompt (see *Note vcs_info Variables:: below).  If an argument is
     given, that string will be used instead of default in the
     USER-CONTEXT field of the style context.

vcs_info_hookadd
     Statically registers a number of functions to a given hook. The
     hook needs to be given as the first argument; what follows is a
     list of hook-function names to register to the hook. The `+vi-'
     prefix needs to be left out here. See *Note vcs_info Hooks:: below
     for details.

vcs_info_hookdel
     Remove hook-functions from a given hook. The hook needs to be
     given as the first non-option argument; what follows is a list of
     hook-function names to un-register from the hook. If `-a' is used
     as the first argument, all occurrences of the functions are
     unregistered. Otherwise only the last occurrence is removed (if a
     function was registered to a hook more than once). The `+vi-'
     prefix needs to be left out here.  See *Note vcs_info Hooks::
     below for details.

vcs_info_lastmsg
     Outputs the last ${vcs_info_msg_*_} value.  Takes into account the
     value of the use-prompt-escapes style in
     ':vcs_info:formats:command:-all-'. It also only prints max-exports
     values.

vcs_info_printsys [USER-CONTEXT]
     Prints a list of all supported version control systems. Useful to
     find out possible contexts (and which of them are enabled) or
     values for the disable style.

vcs_info_setsys
     Initializes vcs_info's internal list of available backends. With
     this function, you can add support for new VCSs without restarting
     the shell.


All functions named VCS_INFO_* are for internal use only.




File: zsh.info,  Node: vcs_info Variables,  Next: vcs_info Hooks,  Prev: vcs_info API,  Up: Version Control Information

26.5.6 Variable Description
---------------------------


${vcs_info_msg_N_} (Note the trailing underscore)
     Where N is an integer, e.g., vcs_info_msg_0_. These variables are
     the storage for the informational message the last vcs_info call
     has assembled. These are strongly connected to the formats,
     actionformats and nvcsformats styles described above. Those styles
     are lists. The first member of that list gets expanded into
     ${vcs_info_msg_0_}, the second into ${vcs_info_msg_1_} and the Nth
     into ${vcs_info_msg_N-1_}. (See the max-exports style above.)


All variables named VCS_INFO_* are for internal use only.




File: zsh.info,  Node: vcs_info Hooks,  Next: vcs_info Examples,  Prev: vcs_info Variables,  Up: Version Control Information

26.5.7 Hooks in vcs_info
------------------------

Hooks are places in vcs_info where you can run your own code. That code
can communicate with the code that called it and through that, change
the system's behaviour.

For configuration, hooks change the style context:
     :vcs_info:VCS-STRING+HOOK-NAME:USER-CONTEXT:REPO-ROOT-NAME

To register functions to a hook, you need to list them in the hooks
style in the appropriate context.

Example:
     zstyle ':vcs_info:*+foo:*' hooks bar baz

This registers functions to the hook `foo' for all backends. In order to
avoid namespace problems, all registered function names are prepended by
a `+vi-', so the actual functions called for the `foo' hook are
`+vi-bar' and `+vi-baz'.

If you would like to register a function to a hook regardless of the
current context, you may use the vcs_info_hookadd function. To remove a
function that was added like that, the vcs_info_hookdel function can be
used.

If something seems weird, you can enable the `debug' boolean style in
the proper context and the hook-calling code will print what it tried
to execute and whether the function in question existed.

When you register more than one function to a hook, all functions are
executed one after another until one function returns non-zero or until
all functions have been called. Context-sensitive hook functions are
executed before statically registered ones (the ones added by
vcs_info_hookadd).

You may pass data between functions via an associative array, user_data.
For example:

     +vi-git-myfirsthook(){
         user_data[myval]=$myval
     }
     +vi-git-mysecondhook(){
         # do something with ${user_data[myval]}
     }

There are a number of variables that are special in hook contexts:


ret
     The return value that the hooks system will return to the caller.
     The default is an integer `zero'. If and how a changed ret value
     changes the execution of the caller depends on the specific hook.
     See the hook documentation below for details.

hook_com
     An associated array which is used for bidirectional communication
     from the caller to hook functions. The used keys depend on the
     specific hook.

context
     The active context of the hook. Functions that wish to change this
     variable should make it local scope first.

vcs
     The current VCS after it was detected. The same values as in the
     enable/disable style are used. Available in all hooks except
     start-up.


Finally, the full list of currently available hooks:


start-up
     Called after starting vcs_info but before the VCS in this
     directory is determined. It can be used to deactivate vcs_info
     temporarily if necessary. When ret is set to 1, vcs_info aborts
     and does nothing; when set to 2, vcs_info sets up everything as if
     no version control were active and exits.

pre-get-data
     Same as start-up but after the VCS was detected.

gen-hg-bookmark-string
     Called in the Mercurial backend when a bookmark string is
     generated; the get-revision and get-bookmarks styles must be true.

     This hook gets the names of the Mercurial bookmarks that vcs_info
     collected from `hg'.

     If a bookmark is active, the key ${hook_com[hg-active-bookmark]} is
     set to its name.  The key is otherwise unset.

     When setting ret to non-zero, the string in
     ${hook_com[hg-bookmark-string]} will be used in the %m escape in
     formats and actionformats and will be available in the global
     backend_misc array as ${backend_misc[bookmarks]}.

gen-applied-string
     Called in the git (with stgit or during rebase or merge), and hg
     (with mq) backends and in quilt support when the applied-string is
     generated; the use-quilt zstyle must be true for quilt (the mq and
     stgit backends are active by default).

     This hook gets the names of all applied patches which vcs_info
     collected so far in the opposite order, which means that the first
     argument is the top-most patch and so forth.

     When setting ret to non-zero, the string in
     ${hook_com[applied-string]} will be available as %p in the
     patch-format and nopatch-format styles.  This hook is, in concert
     with set-patch-format, responsible for %-escaping that value for
     use in the prompt.  (See *Note vcs_info Oddities::.)

gen-unapplied-string
     Called in the git (with stgit or during rebase), and hg (with mq)
     backend and in quilt support when the unapplied-string is
     generated; the get-unapplied style must be true.

     This hook gets the names of all unapplied patches which vcs_info
     collected so far in order, which means that the first argument is
     the patch next-in-line to be applied and so forth.

     When setting ret to non-zero, the string in
     ${hook_com[unapplied-string]} will be available as %u in the
     patch-format and nopatch-format styles.  This hook is, in concert
     with set-patch-format, responsible for %-escaping that value for
     use in the prompt.  (See *Note vcs_info Oddities::.)

gen-mqguards-string
     Called in the hg backend when guards-string is generated; the
     get-mq style must be true (default).

     This hook gets the names of any active mq guards.

     When setting ret to non-zero, the string in
     ${hook_com[guards-string]} will be used in the %g escape in the
     patch-format and nopatch-format styles.

no-vcs
     This hooks is called when no version control system was detected.

     The `hook_com' parameter is not used.

post-backend
     Called as soon as the backend has finished collecting information.

     The `hook_com' keys available are as for the set-message hook.

post-quilt
     Called after the quilt support is done. The following information
     is passed as arguments to the hook: 1. the quilt-support mode
     (`addon' or `standalone'); 2. the directory that contains the
     patch series; 3. the directory that holds quilt's status
     information (the `.pc' directory) or the string "-nopc-" if that
     directory wasn't found.

     The `hook_com' parameter is not used.

set-branch-format
     Called before `branchformat' is set. The only argument to the hook
     is the format that is configured at this point.

     The `hook_com' keys considered are `branch' and `revision'.  They
     are set to the values figured out so far by vcs_info and any
     change will be used directly when the actual replacement is done.

     If ret is set to non-zero, the string in
     ${hook_com[branch-replace]} will be used unchanged as the `%b'
     replacement in the variables set by vcs_info.

set-hgrev-format
     Called before a `hgrevformat' is set. The only argument to the
     hook is the format that is configured at this point.

     The `hook_com' keys considered are `hash' and `localrev'.  They
     are set to the values figured out so far by vcs_info and any
     change will be used directly when the actual replacement is done.

     If ret is set to non-zero, the string in ${hook_com[rev-replace]}
     will be used unchanged as the `%i' replacement in the variables
     set by vcs_info.

pre-addon-quilt
     This hook is used when vcs_info's quilt functionality is active in
     "addon" mode (quilt used on top of a real version control system).
     It is activated right before any quilt specific action is taken.

     Setting the `ret' variable in this hook to a non-zero value avoids
     any quilt specific actions from being run at all.

set-patch-format
     This hook is used to control some of the possible expansions in
     patch-format and nopatch-format styles with patch queue systems
     such as quilt, mqueue and the like.

     This hook is used in the git, hg and quilt backends.

     The hook allows the control of the %p (${hook_com[applied]}) and %u
     (${hook_com[unapplied]}) expansion in all backends that use the
     hook. With the mercurial backend, the %g (${hook_com[guards]})
     expansion is controllable in addition to that.

     If ret is set to non-zero, the string in ${hook_com[patch-replace]}
     will be used unchanged instead of an expanded format from
     patch-format or nopatch-format.

     This hook is, in concert with the gen-applied-string or
     gen-unapplied-string hooks if they are defined, responsible for
     %-escaping the final patch-format value for use in the prompt.
     (See *Note vcs_info Oddities::.)

set-message
     Called each time before a `vcs_info_msg_N_' message is set.  It
     takes two arguments; the first being the `N' in the message
     variable name, the second is the currently configured formats or
     actionformats.

     There are a number of `hook_com' keys, that are used here:
     `action', `branch', `base', `base-name', `subdir', `staged',
     `unstaged', `revision', `misc', `vcs' and one `miscN' entry for
     each backend-specific data field (N starting at zero). They are
     set to the values figured out so far by vcs_info and any change
     will be used directly when the actual replacement is done.

     Since this hook is triggered multiple times (once for each
     configured formats or actionformats), each of the `hook_com' keys
     mentioned above (except for the miscN entries) has an `_orig'
     counterpart, so even if you changed a value to your liking you can
     still get the original value in the next run. Changing the `_orig'
     values is probably not a good idea.

     If ret is set to non-zero, the string in ${hook_com[message]} will
     be used unchanged as the message by vcs_info.


If all of this sounds rather confusing, take a look at *Note vcs_info
Examples:: and also in the Misc/vcs_info-examples file in the Zsh
source.  They contain some explanatory code.




File: zsh.info,  Node: vcs_info Examples,  Prev: vcs_info Hooks,  Up: Version Control Information

26.5.8 Examples
---------------

Don't use vcs_info at all (even though it's in your prompt):
     zstyle ':vcs_info:*' enable NONE

Disable the backends for bzr and svk:
     zstyle ':vcs_info:*' disable bzr svk

Disable everything _but_ bzr and svk:
     zstyle ':vcs_info:*' enable bzr svk

Provide a special formats for git:
     zstyle ':vcs_info:git:*' formats       ' GIT, BABY! [%b]'
     zstyle ':vcs_info:git:*' actionformats ' GIT ACTION! [%b|%a]'

All %x expansion in all sorts of formats (formats, actionformats,
branchformat, you name it) are done using the `zformat' builtin from
the `zsh/zutil' module. That means you can do everything with these %x
items what zformat supports. In particular, if you want something that
is really long to have a fixed width, like a hash in a mercurial
branchformat, you can do this: %12.12i. That'll shrink the 40 character
hash to its 12 leading characters. The form is actually `%MIN.MAXx'.
More is possible.  See *Note The zsh/zutil Module:: for details.

Use the quicker bzr backend
     zstyle ':vcs_info:bzr:*' use-simple true

If you do use use-simple, please report if it does
`the-right-thing[tm]'.

Display the revision number in yellow for bzr and svn:
     zstyle ':vcs_info:(svn|bzr):*' \
            branchformat '%b%{'${fg[yellow]}'%}:%r'

If you want colors, make sure you enclose the color codes in %{...%} if
you want to use the string provided by vcs_info in prompts.

Here is how to print the VCS information as a command (not in a prompt):
     alias vcsi='vcs_info command; vcs_info_lastmsg'

This way, you can even define different formats for output via
vcs_info_lastmsg in the ':vcs_info:*:command:*' namespace.

Now as promised, some code that uses hooks: say, you'd like to replace
the string `svn' by `subversion' in vcs_info's %s formats replacement.

First, we will tell vcs_info to call a function when populating the
message variables with the gathered information:
     zstyle ':vcs_info:*+set-message:*' hooks svn2subversion

Nothing happens. Which is reasonable, since we didn't define the actual
function yet. To see what the hooks subsystem is trying to do, enable
the `debug' style:
     zstyle ':vcs_info:*+*:*' debug true

That should give you an idea what is going on. Specifically, the
function that we are looking for is `+vi-svn2subversion'. Note, the
`+vi-' prefix. So, everything is in order, just as documented. When you
are done checking out the debugging output, disable it again:
     zstyle ':vcs_info:*+*:*' debug false

Now, let's define the function:

     function +vi-svn2subversion() {
         [[ ${hook_com[vcs_orig]} == svn ]] && hook_com[vcs]=subversion
     }

Simple enough. And it could have even been simpler, if only we had
registered our function in a less generic context. If we do it only in
the `svn' backend's context, we don't need to test which the active
backend is:
     zstyle ':vcs_info:svn+set-message:*' hooks svn2subversion


     function +vi-svn2subversion() {
         hook_com[vcs]=subversion
     }

And finally a little more elaborate example, that uses a hook to create
a customised bookmark string for the hg backend.

Again, we start off by registering a function:
     zstyle ':vcs_info:hg+gen-hg-bookmark-string:*' hooks hgbookmarks

And then we define the `+vi-hgbookmarks' function:

     function +vi-hgbookmarks() {
         # The default is to connect all bookmark names by
         # commas. This mixes things up a little.
         # Imagine, there's one type of bookmarks that is
         # special to you. Say, because it's *your* work.
         # Those bookmarks look always like this: "sh/*"
         # (because your initials are sh, for example).
         # This makes the bookmarks string use only those
         # bookmarks. If there's more than one, it
         # concatenates them using commas.
         # The bookmarks returned by `hg' are available in
         # the function's positional parameters.
         local s="${(Mj:,:)@:#sh/*}"
         # Now, the communication with the code that calls
         # the hook functions is done via the hook_com[]
         # hash. The key at which the `gen-hg-bookmark-string'
         # hook looks is `hg-bookmark-string'. So:
         hook_com[hg-bookmark-string]=$s
         # And to signal that we want to use the string we
         # just generated, set the special variable `ret' to
         # something other than the default zero:
         ret=1
         return 0
     }

Some longer examples and code snippets which might be useful are
available in the examples file located at Misc/vcs_info-examples in the
Zsh source directory.

This concludes our guided tour through zsh's vcs_info.




File: zsh.info,  Node: Prompt Themes,  Next: ZLE Functions,  Prev: Version Control Information,  Up: User Contributions

26.6 Prompt Themes
==================



26.6.1 Installation
-------------------

You should make sure all the functions from the Functions/Prompts
directory of the source distribution are available; they all begin with
the string `prompt_' except for the special function`promptinit'.  You
also need the `colors' and `add-zsh-hook' functions from Functions/Misc.
All these functions may already be installed on your system; if not,
you will need to find them and copy them.  The directory should appear
as one of the elements of the fpath array (this should already be the
case if they were installed), and at least the function promptinit
should be autoloaded; it will autoload the rest.  Finally, to initialize
the use of the system you need to call the promptinit function.  The
following code in your .zshrc will arrange for this; assume the
functions are stored in the directory ~/myfns:


     fpath=(~/myfns $fpath)
     autoload -U promptinit
     promptinit


26.6.2 Theme Selection
----------------------

Use the prompt command to select your preferred theme.  This command
may be added to your .zshrc following the call to promptinit in order
to start zsh with a theme already selected.


prompt [ -c | -l ]
prompt [ -p | -h ] [ THEME ... ]
prompt [ -s ] THEME [ ARG ... ]
     Set or examine the prompt theme.  With no options and a THEME
     argument, the theme with that name is set as the current theme.
     The available themes are determined at run time; use the -l option
     to see a list.  The special THEME `random' selects at random one
     of the available themes and sets your prompt to that.

     In some cases the THEME may be modified by one or more arguments,
     which should be given after the theme name.  See the help for each
     theme for descriptions of these arguments.

     Options are:


    -c
          Show the currently selected theme and its parameters, if any.

    -l
          List all available prompt themes.

    -p
          Preview the theme named by THEME, or all themes if no THEME
          is given.

    -h
          Show help for the theme named by THEME, or for the prompt
          function if no THEME is given.

    -s
          Set THEME as the current theme and save state.

prompt_THEME_setup
     Each available THEME has a setup function which is called by the
     prompt function to install that theme.  This function may define
     other functions as necessary to maintain the prompt, including
     functions used to preview the prompt or provide help for its use.
     You should not normally call a theme's setup function directly.



26.6.3 Utility Themes
---------------------


prompt off
     The theme `off' sets all the prompt variables to minimal values
     with no special effects.

prompt default
     The theme `default' sets all prompt variables to the same state as
     if an interactive zsh was started with no initialization files.

prompt restore
     The special theme `restore' erases all theme settings and sets
     prompt variables to their state before the first time the `prompt'
     function was run, provided each theme has properly defined its
     cleanup (see below).

     Note that you can undo `prompt off' and `prompt default' with
     `prompt restore', but a second restore does not undo the first.



26.6.4 Writing Themes
---------------------

The first step for adding your own theme is to choose a name for it,
and create a file `prompt_NAME_setup' in a directory in your fpath,
such as ~/myfns in the example above.  The file should at minimum
contain assignments for the prompt variables that your theme wishes to
modify.  By convention, themes use PS1, PS2, RPS1, etc., rather than
the longer PROMPT and RPROMPT.

The file is autoloaded as a function in the current shell context, so
it may contain any necessary commands to customize your theme, including
defining additional functions.  To make some complex tasks easier, your
setup function may also do any of the following:


Assign prompt_opts
     The array prompt_opts may be assigned any of "bang", "cr",
     "percent", "sp", and/or "subst" as values.  The corresponding
     setopts (promptbang, etc.) are turned on, all other prompt-related
     options are turned off.  The prompt_opts array preserves setopts
     even beyond the scope of localoptions, should your function need
     that.

Modify precmd and preexec
     Use of add-zsh-hook is recommended.  The precmd and preexec hooks
     are automatically adjusted if the prompt theme changes or is
     disabled.

Declare cleanup
     If your function makes any other changes that should be undone
     when the theme is disabled, your setup function may call
          prompt_cleanup COMMAND
     where COMMAND should be suitably quoted.  If your theme is ever
     disabled or replaced by another, COMMAND is executed with eval.
     You may declare more than one such cleanup hook.

Define preview
     Define or autoload a function prompt_NAME_preview to display a
     simulated version of your prompt.  A simple default previewer is
     defined by promptinit for themes that do not define their own.
     This preview function is called by `prompt -p'.

Provide help
     Define or autoload a function prompt_NAME_help to display
     documentation or help text for your theme.  This help function is
     called by `prompt -h'.




File: zsh.info,  Node: ZLE Functions,  Next: Exception Handling,  Prev: Prompt Themes,  Up: User Contributions

26.7 ZLE Functions
==================



26.7.1 Widgets
--------------

These functions all implement user-defined ZLE widgets (see *Note Zsh
Line Editor::) which can be bound to keystrokes in interactive shells.
To use them, your .zshrc should contain lines of the form


     autoload FUNCTION
     zle -N FUNCTION

followed by an appropriate bindkey command to associate the function
with a key sequence.  Suggested bindings are described below.


bash-style word functions
     If you are looking for functions to implement moving over and
     editing words in the manner of bash, where only alphanumeric
     characters are considered word characters, you can use the
     functions described in the next section.  The following is
     sufficient:


          autoload -U select-word-style
          select-word-style bash

     
forward-word-match, backward-word-match
kill-word-match, backward-kill-word-match
transpose-words-match, capitalize-word-match
up-case-word-match, down-case-word-match
delete-whole-word-match, select-word-match
select-word-style, match-word-context, match-words-by-style
     The first eight `-match' functions are drop-in replacements for the
     builtin widgets without the suffix.  By default they behave in a
     similar way.  However, by the use of styles and the function
     select-word-style, the way words are matched can be altered.
     select-word-match is intended to be used as a text object in vi
     mode but with custom word styles. For comparison, the widgets
     described in *Note Text Objects:: use fixed definitions of words,
     compatible with the vim editor.

     The simplest way of configuring the functions is to use
     select-word-style, which can either be called as a normal function
     with the appropriate argument, or invoked as a user-defined widget
     that will prompt for the first character of the word style to be
     used.  The first time it is invoked, the first eight -match
     functions will automatically replace the builtin versions, so they
     do not need to be loaded explicitly.

     The word styles available are as follows.  Only the first character
     is examined.


    bash
          Word characters are alphanumeric characters only.

    normal
          As in normal shell operation:  word characters are
          alphanumeric characters plus any characters present in the
          string given by the parameter $WORDCHARS.

    shell
          Words are complete shell command arguments, possibly
          including complete quoted strings, or any tokens special to
          the shell.

    whitespace
          Words are any set of characters delimited by whitespace.

    default
          Restore the default settings; this is usually the same as
          `normal'.


     All but `default' can be input as an upper case character, which
     has the same effect but with subword matching turned on.  In this
     case, words with upper case characters are treated specially: each
     separate run of upper case characters, or an upper case character
     followed by any number of other characters, is considered a word.
     The style subword-range can supply an alternative character range
     to the default `[:upper:]'; the value of the style is treated as
     the contents of a `[...]'  pattern (note that the outer brackets
     should not be supplied, only those surrounding named ranges).

     More control can be obtained using the zstyle command, as
     described in *Note The zsh/zutil Module::.  Each style is looked
     up in the context :zle:WIDGET where WIDGET is the name of the
     user-defined widget, not the name of the function implementing it,
     so in the case of the definitions supplied by select-word-style the
     appropriate contexts are :zle:forward-word, and so on.  The
     function select-word-style itself always defines styles for the
     context `:zle:*' which can be overridden by more specific (longer)
     patterns as well as explicit contexts.

     The style word-style specifies the rules to use.  This may have the
     following values.


    normal
          Use the standard shell rules, i.e. alphanumerics and
          $WORDCHARS, unless overridden by the styles word-chars or
          word-class.

    specified
          Similar to normal, but _only_ the specified characters, and
          not also alphanumerics, are considered word characters.

    unspecified
          The negation of specified.  The given characters are those
          which will _not_ be considered part of a word.

    shell
          Words are obtained by using the syntactic rules for
          generating shell command arguments.  In addition, special
          tokens which are never command arguments such as `()' are
          also treated as words.

    whitespace
          Words are whitespace-delimited strings of characters.


     The first three of those rules usually use $WORDCHARS, but the
     value in the parameter can be overridden by the style word-chars,
     which works in exactly the same way as $WORDCHARS.  In addition,
     the style word-class uses character class syntax to group
     characters and takes precedence over word-chars if both are set.
     The word-class style does not include the surrounding brackets of
     the character class; for example, `-:[:alnum:]' is a valid
     word-class to include all alphanumerics plus the characters `-'
     and `:'.  Be careful including `]', `^' and `-' as these are
     special inside character classes.

     word-style may also have `-subword' appended to its value to turn
     on subword matching, as described above.

     The style skip-chars is mostly useful for transpose-words and
     similar functions.  If set, it gives a count of characters
     starting at the cursor position which will not be considered part
     of the word and are treated as space, regardless of what they
     actually are.  For example, if


          zstyle ':zle:transpose-words' skip-chars 1

     has been set, and transpose-words-match is called with the cursor
     on the X of fooXbar, where X can be any character, then the
     resulting expression is barXfoo.

     Finer grained control can be obtained by setting the style
     word-context to an array of pairs of entries.  Each pair of
     entries consists of a PATTERN and a SUBCONTEXT.  The shell
     argument the cursor is on is matched against each PATTERN in turn
     until one matches; if it does, the context is extended by a colon
     and the corresponding SUBCONTEXT.  Note that the test is made
     against the original word on the line, with no stripping of
     quotes.  Special handling is done between words: the current
     context is examined and if it contains the string between the word
     is set to a single space; else if it is contains the string back,
     the word before the cursor is considered, else the word after
     cursor is considered. Some examples are given below.

     The style skip-whitespace-first is only used with the forward-word
     widget.  If it is set to true, then forward-word skips any
     non-word-characters, followed by any non-word-characters: this is
     similar to the behaviour of other word-orientated widgets, and
     also that used by other editors, however it differs from the
     standard zsh behaviour.  When using select-word-style the widget
     is set in the context :zle:* to true if the word style is bash and
     false otherwise.  It may be overridden by setting it in the more
     specific context :zle:forward-word*.

     It is possible to create widgets with specific behaviour by
     defining a new widget implemented by the appropriate generic
     function, then setting a style for the context of the specific
     widget.  For example, the following defines a widget
     backward-kill-space-word using backward-kill-word-match, the
     generic widget implementing backward-kill-word behaviour, and
     ensures that the new widget always implements space-delimited
     behaviour.


          zle -N backward-kill-space-word backward-kill-word-match
          zstyle :zle:backward-kill-space-word word-style space

     The widget backward-kill-space-word can now be bound to a key.

     Here are some further examples of use of the styles, actually
     taken from the simplified interface in select-word-style:


          zstyle ':zle:*' word-style standard
          zstyle ':zle:*' word-chars ''

     Implements bash-style word handling for all widgets, i.e. only
     alphanumerics are word characters; equivalent to setting the
     parameter WORDCHARS empty for the given context.


          style ':zle:*kill*' word-style space

     Uses space-delimited words for widgets with the word `kill' in the
     name.  Neither of the styles word-chars nor word-class is used in
     this case.

     Here are some examples of use of the word-context style to extend
     the context.


          zstyle ':zle:*' word-context \
                 "*/*" filename "[[:space:]]" whitespace
          zstyle ':zle:transpose-words:whitespace' word-style shell
          zstyle ':zle:transpose-words:filename' word-style normal
          zstyle ':zle:transpose-words:filename' word-chars ''

     This provides two different ways of using transpose-words
     depending on whether the cursor is on whitespace between words or
     on a filename, here any word containing a /.  On whitespace,
     complete arguments as defined by standard shell rules will be
     transposed.  In a filename, only alphanumerics will be transposed.
     Elsewhere, words will be transposed using the default style for
     :zle:transpose-words.

     The word matching and all the handling of zstyle settings is
     actually implemented by the function match-words-by-style.  This
     can be used to create new user-defined widgets.  The calling
     function should set the local parameter curcontext to :zle:WIDGET,
     create the local parameter matched_words and call
     match-words-by-style with no arguments.  On return, matched_words
     will be set to an array with the elements: (1) the start of the
     line (2) the word before the cursor (3) any non-word characters
     between that word and the cursor (4) any non-word character at the
     cursor position plus any remaining non-word characters before the
     next word, including all characters specified by the skip-chars
     style, (5) the word at or following the cursor (6) any non-word
     characters following that word (7) the remainder of the line.  Any
     of the elements may be an empty string; the calling function
     should test for this to decide whether it can perform its function.

     If the variable matched_words is defined by the caller to
     match-words-by-style as an associative array (local -A
     matched_words), then the seven values given above should be
     retrieved from it as elements named start, word-before-cursor,
     ws-before-cursor, ws-after-cursor, word-after-cursor,
     ws-after-word, and end.  In addition the element is-word-start is
     1 if the cursor is on the start of a word or subword, or on white
     space before it (the cases can be distinguished by testing the
     ws-after-cursor element) and 0 otherwise.  This form is
     recommended for future compatibility.

     It is possible to pass options with arguments to
     match-words-by-style to override the use of styles.  The options
     are:
    -w
          WORD-STYLE

    -s
          SKIP-CHARS

    -c
          WORD-CLASS

    -C
          WORD-CHARS

    -r
          SUBWORD-RANGE

     For example, match-words-by-style -w shell -c 0 may be used to
     extract the command argument around the cursor.

     The word-context style is implemented by the function
     match-word-context.  This should not usually need to be called
     directly.

bracketed-paste-magic
     The bracketed-paste widget (see *Note Miscellaneous:: in *Note Zle
     Widgets::) inserts pasted text literally into the editor buffer
     rather than interpret it as keystrokes.  This disables some common
     usages where the self-insert widget is replaced in order to
     accomplish some extra processing.  An example is the contributed
     url-quote-magic widget described below.

     The bracketed-paste-magic widget is meant to replace
     bracketed-paste with a wrapper that re-enables these self-insert
     actions, and other actions as selected by zstyles.  Therefore this
     widget is installed with

          autoload -Uz bracketed-paste-magic
          zle -N bracketed-paste bracketed-paste-magic

     Other than enabling some widget processing, bracketed-paste-magic
     attempts to replicate bracketed-paste as faithfully as possible.

     The following zstyles may be set to control processing of pasted
     text.  All are looked up in the context `:bracketed-paste-magic'.


    active-widgets
          A list of patterns matching widget names that should be
          activated during the paste.  All other key sequences are
          processed as self-insert-unmeta.  The default is `self-*' so
          any user-defined widgets named with that prefix are active
          along with the builtin self-insert.

          If this style is not set (explicitly deleted) or set to an
          empty value, no widgets are active and the pasted text is
          inserted literally.  If the value includes `undefined-key',
          any unknown sequences are discarded from the pasted text.

    inactive-keys
          The inverse of active-widgets, a list of key sequences that
          always use self-insert-unmeta even when bound to an active
          widget.  Note that this is a list of literal key sequences,
          not patterns.

    paste-init
          A list of function names, called in widget context (but not
          as widgets).  The functions are called in order until one of
          them returns a non-zero status.  The parameter `PASTED'
          contains the initial state of the pasted text.  All other ZLE
          parameters such as `BUFFER' have their normal values and
          side-effects, and full history is available, so for example
          paste-init functions may move words from BUFFER into PASTED
          to make those words visible to the active-widgets.

          A non-zero return from a paste-init function does _not_
          prevent the paste itself from proceeding.

          Loading bracketed-paste-magic defines backward-extend-paste, a
          helper function for use in paste-init.


               zstyle :bracketed-paste-magic paste-init \
                      backward-extend-paste

          When a paste would insert into the middle of a word or append
          text to a word already on the line, backward-extend-paste
          moves the prefix from LBUFFER into PASTED so that the
          active-widgets see the full word so far.  This may be useful
          with url-quote-magic.

    paste-finish
          Another list of function names called in order until one
          returns non-zero.  These functions are called _after_ the
          pasted text has been processed by the active-widgets, but
          _before_ it is inserted into `BUFFER'.  ZLE parameters have
          their normal values and side-effects.

          A non-zero return from a paste-finish function does _not_
          prevent the paste itself from proceeding.

          Loading bracketed-paste-magic also defines quote-paste, a
          helper function for use in paste-finish.


               zstyle :bracketed-paste-magic paste-finish \
                      quote-paste
               zstyle :bracketed-paste-magic:finish quote-style \
                      qqq

          When the pasted text is inserted into BUFFER, it is quoted
          per the quote-style value.  To forcibly turn off the built-in
          numeric prefix quoting of bracketed-paste, use:


               zstyle :bracketed-paste-magic:finish quote-style \
                      none


     _Important:_ During active-widgets processing of the paste (after
     paste-init and before paste-finish), BUFFER starts empty and
     history is restricted, so cursor motions, etc., may not pass
     outside of the pasted content.  Text assigned to BUFFER by the
     active widgets is copied back into PASTED before paste-finish.

copy-earlier-word
     This widget works like a combination of insert-last-word and
     copy-prev-shell-word.  Repeated invocations of the widget retrieve
     earlier words on the relevant history line.  With a numeric
     argument N, insert the Nth word from the history line; N may be
     negative to count from the end of the line.

     If insert-last-word has been used to retrieve the last word on a
     previous history line, repeated invocations will replace that word
     with earlier words from the same line.

     Otherwise, the widget applies to words on the line currently being
     edited.  The widget style can be set to the name of another widget
     that should be called to retrieve words.  This widget must accept
     the same three arguments as insert-last-word.

cycle-completion-positions
     After inserting an unambiguous string into the command line, the
     new function based completion system may know about multiple
     places in this string where characters are missing or differ from
     at least one of the possible matches.  It will then place the
     cursor on the position it considers to be the most interesting
     one, i.e. the one where one can disambiguate between as many
     matches as possible with as little typing as possible.

     This widget allows the cursor to be easily moved to the other
     interesting spots.  It can be invoked repeatedly to cycle between
     all positions reported by the completion system.

delete-whole-word-match
     This is another function which works like the -match functions
     described immediately above, i.e. using styles to decide the word
     boundaries.  However, it is not a replacement for any existing
     function.

     The basic behaviour is to delete the word around the cursor.
     There is no numeric argument handling; only the single word around
     the cursor is considered.  If the widget contains the string kill,
     the removed text will be placed in the cutbuffer for future
     yanking.  This can be obtained by defining kill-whole-word-match
     as follows:


          zle -N kill-whole-word-match delete-whole-word-match

     and then binding the widget kill-whole-word-match.

up-line-or-beginning-search, down-line-or-beginning-search
     These widgets are similar to the builtin functions
     up-line-or-search and down-line-or-search:  if in a multiline
     buffer they move up or down within the buffer, otherwise they
     search for a history line matching the start of the current line.
     In this case, however, they search for a line which matches the
     current line up to the current cursor position, in the manner of
     history-beginning-search-backward and -forward, rather than the
     first word on the line.

edit-command-line
     Edit the command line using your visual editor, as in ksh.


          bindkey -M vicmd v edit-command-line

expand-absolute-path
     Expand the file name under the cursor to an absolute path,
     resolving symbolic links.  Where possible, the initial path
     segment is turned into a named directory or reference to a user's
     home directory.

history-search-end
     This function implements the widgets
     history-beginning-search-backward-end and
     history-beginning-search-forward-end.  These commands work by first
     calling the corresponding builtin widget (see *Note History
     Control::) and then moving the cursor to the end of the line.  The
     original cursor position is remembered and restored before calling
     the builtin widget a second time, so that the same search is
     repeated to look farther through the history.

     Although you autoload only one function, the commands to use it are
     slightly different because it implements two widgets.


          zle -N history-beginning-search-backward-end \
                 history-search-end
          zle -N history-beginning-search-forward-end \
                 history-search-end
          bindkey '\e^P' history-beginning-search-backward-end
          bindkey '\e^N' history-beginning-search-forward-end

history-beginning-search-menu
     This function implements yet another form of history searching.
     The text before the cursor is used to select lines from the
     history, as for history-beginning-search-backward except that all
     matches are shown in a numbered menu.  Typing the appropriate
     digits inserts the full history line.  Note that leading zeroes
     must be typed (they are only shown when necessary for removing
     ambiguity).  The entire history is searched; there is no
     distinction between forwards and backwards.

     With a numeric argument, the search is not anchored to the start of
     the line; the string typed by the use may appear anywhere in the
     line in the history.

     If the widget name contains `-end' the cursor is moved to the end
     of the line inserted.  If the widget name contains `-space' any
     space in the text typed is treated as a wildcard and can match
     anything (hence a leading space is equivalent to giving a numeric
     argument).  Both forms can be combined, for example:


          zle -N history-beginning-search-menu-space-end \
                 history-beginning-search-menu

history-pattern-search
     The function history-pattern-search implements widgets which prompt
     for a pattern with which to search the history backwards or
     forwards.  The pattern is in the usual zsh format, however the
     first character may be ^ to anchor the search to the start of the
     line, and the last character may be $ to anchor the search to the
     end of the line.  If the search was not anchored to the end of the
     line the cursor is positioned just after the pattern found.

     The commands to create bindable widgets are similar to those in the
     example immediately above:


          autoload -U history-pattern-search
          zle -N history-pattern-search-backward history-pattern-search
          zle -N history-pattern-search-forward history-pattern-search

incarg
     Typing the keystrokes for this widget with the cursor placed on or
     to the left of an integer causes that integer to be incremented by
     one.  With a numeric argument, the number is incremented by the
     amount of the argument (decremented if the numeric argument is
     negative).  The shell parameter incarg may be set to change the
     default increment to something other than one.


          bindkey '^X+' incarg

incremental-complete-word
     This allows incremental completion of a word.  After starting this
     command, a list of completion choices can be shown after every
     character you type, which you can delete with ^H or DEL.  Pressing
     return accepts the completion so far and returns you to normal
     editing (that is, the command line is _not_ immediately executed).
     You can hit TAB to do normal completion, ^G to abort back to the
     state when you started, and ^D to list the matches.

     This works only with the new function based completion system.


          bindkey '^Xi' incremental-complete-word

insert-composed-char
     This function allows you to compose characters that don't appear
     on the keyboard to be inserted into the command line.  The command
     is followed by two keys corresponding to ASCII characters (there
     is no prompt).  For accented characters, the two keys are a base
     character followed by a code for the accent, while for other
     special characters the two characters together form a mnemonic for
     the character to be inserted.  The two-character codes are a
     subset of those given by RFC 1345 (see for example
     `http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1345.html').

     The function may optionally be followed by up to two characters
     which replace one or both of the characters read from the
     keyboard; if both characters are supplied, no input is read.  For
     example, insert-composed-char a: can be used within a widget to
     insert an a with umlaut into the command line.  This has the
     advantages over use of a literal character that it is more
     portable.

     For best results zsh should have been built with support for
     multibyte characters (configured with -enable-multibyte); however,
     the function works for the limited range of characters available
     in single-byte character sets such as ISO-8859-1.

     The character is converted into the local representation and
     inserted into the command line at the cursor position.  (The
     conversion is done within the shell, using whatever facilities the
     C library provides.)  With a numeric argument, the character and
     its code are previewed in the status line

     The function may be run outside zle in which case it prints the
     character (together with a newline) to standard output.  Input is
     still read from keystrokes.

     See insert-unicode-char for an alternative way of inserting Unicode
     characters using their hexadecimal character number.

     The set of accented characters is reasonably complete up to Unicode
     character U+0180, the set of special characters less so.  However,
     it is very sporadic from that point.  Adding new characters is
     easy, however; see the function define-composed-chars.  Please
     send any additions to zsh-workers@zsh.org.

     The codes for the second character when used to accent the first
     are as follows.  Note that not every character can take every
     accent.
    !
          Grave.

    '
          Acute.

    >
          Circumflex.

    ?
          Tilde.  (This is not ~ as RFC 1345 does not assume that
          character is present on the keyboard.)

    -
          Macron.  (A horizontal bar over the base character.)

    (
          Breve.  (A shallow dish shape over the base character.)

    .
          Dot above the base character, or in the case of i no dot, or
          in the case of L and l a centered dot.

    :
          Diaeresis (Umlaut).

    c
          Cedilla.

    _
          Underline, however there are currently no underlined
          characters.

    /
          Stroke through the base character.

    "
          Double acute (only supported on a few letters).

    ;
          Ogonek.  (A little forward facing hook at the bottom right of
          the character.)

    <
          Caron.  (A little v over the letter.)

    0
          Circle over the base character.

    2
          Hook over the base character.

    9
          Horn over the base character.

     The most common characters from the Arabic, Cyrillic, Greek and
     Hebrew alphabets are available; consult RFC 1345 for the
     appropriate sequences.  In addition, a set of two letter codes not
     in RFC 1345 are available for the double-width characters
     corresponding to ASCII characters from !  to ~ (0x21 to 0x7e) by
     preceding the character with ^, for example ^A for a double-width
     A.

     The following other two-character sequences are understood.


    ASCII characters
          These are already present on most keyboards:
         <(
               Left square bracket

         //
               Backslash (solidus)

         )>
               Right square bracket

         (!
               Left brace (curly bracket)

         !!
               Vertical bar (pipe symbol)

         !)
               Right brace (curly bracket)

         '?
               Tilde

    Special letters
          Characters found in various variants of the Latin alphabet:
         ss
               Eszett (scharfes S)

         D-, d-
               Eth

         TH, th
               Thorn

         kk
               Kra

         'n
               'n

         NG, ng
               Ng

         OI, oi
               Oi

         yr
               yr

         ED
               ezh

    Currency symbols

         Ct
               Cent

         Pd
               Pound sterling (also lira and others)

         Cu
               Currency

         Ye
               Yen

         Eu
               Euro (N.B. not in RFC 1345)

    Punctuation characters
          References to "right" quotes indicate the shape (like a 9
          rather than 6) rather than their grammatical use.  (For
          example, a "right" low double quote is used to open
          quotations in German.)
         !I
               Inverted exclamation mark

         BB
               Broken vertical bar

         SE
               Section

         Co
               Copyright

         -a
               Spanish feminine ordinal indicator

         <<
               Left guillemet

         --
               Soft hyphen

         Rg
               Registered trade mark

         PI
               Pilcrow (paragraph)

         -o
               Spanish masculine ordinal indicator

         >>
               Right guillemet

         ?I
               Inverted question mark

         -1
               Hyphen

         -N
               En dash

         -M
               Em dash

         -3
               Horizontal bar

         :3
               Vertical ellipsis

         .3
               Horizontal midline ellipsis

         !2
               Double vertical line

         =2
               Double low line

         '6
               Left single quote

         '9
               Right single quote

         .9
               "Right" low quote

         9'
               Reversed "right" quote

         "6
               Left double quote

         "9
               Right double quote

         :9
               "Right" low double quote

         9"
               Reversed "right" double quote

         /-
               Dagger

         /=
               Double dagger

    Mathematical symbols

         DG
               Degree

         -2, +-, -+
               - sign, +/- sign, -/+ sign

         2S
               Superscript 2

         3S
               Superscript 3

         1S
               Superscript 1

         My
               Micro

         .M
               Middle dot

         14
               Quarter

         12
               Half

         34
               Three quarters

         *X
               Multiplication

         -:
               Division

         %0
               Per mille

         FA, TE, /0
               For all, there exists, empty set

         dP, DE, NB
               Partial derivative, delta (increment), del (nabla)

         (-, -)
               Element of, contains

         *P, +Z
               Product, sum

         *-, Ob, Sb
               Asterisk, ring, bullet

         RT, 0(, 00
               Root sign, proportional to, infinity

    Other symbols

         cS, cH, cD, cC
               Card suits: spades, hearts, diamonds, clubs

         Md, M8, M2, Mb, Mx, MX
               Musical notation: crotchet (quarter note), quaver
               (eighth note), semiquavers (sixteenth notes), flag sign,
               natural sign, sharp sign

         Fm, Ml
               Female, male

    Accents on their own

         '>
               Circumflex (same as caret, ^)

         '!
               Grave (same as backtick, `)

         ',
               Cedilla

         ':
               Diaeresis (Umlaut)

         'm
               Macron

         "
               Acute


insert-files
     This function allows you type a file pattern, and see the results
     of the expansion at each step.  When you hit return, all
     expansions are inserted into the command line.


          bindkey '^Xf' insert-files

insert-unicode-char
     When first executed, the user inputs a set of hexadecimal digits.
     This is terminated with another call to insert-unicode-char.  The
     digits are then turned into the corresponding Unicode character.
     For example, if the widget is bound to ^XU, the character sequence
     `^XU 4 c ^XU' inserts L (Unicode U+004c).

     See insert-composed-char for a way of inserting characters using a
     two-character mnemonic.

narrow-to-region [ -p PRE ] [ -P POST ]
                 [ -S STATEPM | -R STATEPM | [ -l LBUFVAR ] [ -r RBUFVAR ] ]
                 [ -n ] [ START END ]
narrow-to-region-invisible
     Narrow the editable portion of the buffer to the region between
     the cursor and the mark, which may be in either order.  The region
     may not be empty.

     narrow-to-region may be used as a widget or called as a function
     from a user-defined widget; by default, the text outside the
     editable area remains visible.  A recursive-edit is performed and
     the original widening status is then restored.  Various options
     and arguments are available when it is called as a function.

     The options -p PRETEXT and -P POSTTEXT may be used to replace the
     text before and after the display for the duration of the
     function; either or both may be an empty string.

     If the option -n is also given, PRETEXT or POSTTEXT will only be
     inserted if there is text before or after the region respectively
     which will be made invisible.

     Two numeric arguments may be given which will be used instead of
     the cursor and mark positions.

     The option -S STATEPM is used to narrow according to the other
     options while saving the original state in the parameter with name
     STATEPM, while the option -R STATEPM is used to restore the state
     from the parameter; note in both cases the _name_ of the parameter
     is required.  In the second case, other options and arguments are
     irrelevant.  When this method is used, no recursive-edit is
     performed; the calling widget should call this function with the
     option -S, perform its own editing on the command line or pass
     control to the user via `zle recursive-edit', then call this
     function with the option -R.  The argument STATEPM must be a
     suitable name for an ordinary parameter, except that parameters
     beginning with the prefix _ntr_ are reserved for use within
     narrow-to-region.  Typically the parameter will be local to the
     calling function.

     The options -l LBUFVAR and -r RBUFVAR may be used to specify
     parameters where the widget will store the resulting text from the
     operation.  The parameter LBUFVAR will contain LBUFFER and RBUFVAR
     will contain RBUFFER.  Neither of these two options may be used
     with -S or -R.

     narrow-to-region-invisible is a simple widget which calls
     narrow-to-region with arguments which replace any text outside the
     region with `...'.  It does not take any arguments.

     The display is restored (and the widget returns) upon any zle
     command which would usually cause the line to be accepted or
     aborted.  Hence an additional such command is required to accept
     or abort the current line.

     The return status of both widgets is zero if the line was
     accepted, else non-zero.

     Here is a trivial example of a widget using this feature.
          local state
          narrow-to-region -p $'Editing restricted region\n' \
            -P '' -S state
          zle recursive-edit
          narrow-to-region -R state

predict-on
     This set of functions implements predictive typing using history
     search.  After predict-on, typing characters causes the editor to
     look backward in the history for the first line beginning with
     what you have typed so far.  After predict-off, editing returns to
     normal for the line found.  In fact, you often don't even need to
     use predict-off, because if the line doesn't match something in
     the history, adding a key performs standard completion, and then
     inserts itself if no completions were found.  However, editing in
     the middle of a line is liable to confuse prediction; see the
     toggle style below.

     With the function based completion system (which is needed for
     this), you should be able to type TAB at almost any point to
     advance the cursor to the next ``interesting'' character position
     (usually the end of the current word, but sometimes somewhere in
     the middle of the word).  And of course as soon as the entire line
     is what you want, you can accept with return, without needing to
     move the cursor to the end first.

     The first time predict-on is used, it creates several additional
     widget functions:


    delete-backward-and-predict
          Replaces the backward-delete-char widget.  You do not need to
          bind this yourself.

    insert-and-predict
          Implements predictive typing by replacing the self-insert
          widget.  You do not need to bind this yourself.

    predict-off
          Turns off predictive typing.

     Although you autoload only the predict-on function, it is
     necessary to create a keybinding for predict-off as well.


          zle -N predict-on
          zle -N predict-off
          bindkey '^X^Z' predict-on
          bindkey '^Z' predict-off

read-from-minibuffer
     This is most useful when called as a function from inside a
     widget, but will work correctly as a widget in its own right.  It
     prompts for a value below the current command line; a value may be
     input using all of the standard zle operations (and not merely the
     restricted set available when executing, for example,
     execute-named-cmd).  The value is then returned to the calling
     function in the parameter $REPLY and the editing buffer restored
     to its previous state.  If the read was aborted by a keyboard
     break (typically ^G), the function returns status 1 and $REPLY is
     not set.

     If one argument is supplied to the function it is taken as a
     prompt, otherwise `? ' is used.  If two arguments are supplied,
     they are the prompt and the initial value of $LBUFFER, and if a
     third argument is given it is the initial value of $RBUFFER.  This
     provides a default value and starting cursor placement.  Upon
     return the entire buffer is the value of $REPLY.

     One option is available: `-k NUM' specifies that NUM characters
     are to be read instead of a whole line.  The line editor is not
     invoked recursively in this case, so depending on the terminal
     settings the input may not be visible, and only the input keys are
     placed in $REPLY, not the entire buffer.  Note that unlike the
     read builtin NUM must be given; there is no default.

     The name is a slight misnomer, as in fact the shell's own
     minibuffer is not used.  Hence it is still possible to call
     executed-named-cmd and similar functions while reading a value.

replace-argument, replace-argument-edit
     The function replace-argument can be used to replace a command
     line argument in the current command line or, if the current
     command line is empty, in the last command line executed (the new
     command line is not executed).  Arguments are as delimited by
     standard shell syntax,

     If a numeric argument is given, that specifies the argument to be
     replaced.  0 means the command name, as in history expansion.  A
     negative numeric argument counts backward from the last word.

     If no numeric argument is given, the current argument is replaced;
     this is the last argument if the previous history line is being
     used.

     The function prompts for a replacement argument.

     If the widget contains the string edit, for example is defined as


          zle -N replace-argument-edit replace-argument

     then the function presents the current value of the argument for
     editing, otherwise the editing buffer for the replacement is
     initially empty.

replace-string, replace-pattern
replace-string-again, replace-pattern-again
     The function replace-string implements three widgets.  If defined
     under the same name as the function, it prompts for two strings;
     the first (source) string will be replaced by the second
     everywhere it occurs in the line editing buffer.

     If the widget name contains the word `pattern', for example by
     defining the widget using the command `zle -N replace-pattern
     replace-string', then the matching is performed using zsh
     patterns.  All zsh extended globbing patterns can be used in the
     source string; note that unlike filename generation the pattern
     does not need to match an entire word, nor do glob qualifiers have
     any effect.  In addition, the replacement string can contain
     parameter or command substitutions.  Furthermore, a `&' in the
     replacement string will be replaced with the matched source
     string, and a backquoted digit `\N' will be replaced by the Nth
     parenthesised expression matched.  The form `\{N}' may be used to
     protect the digit from following digits.

     If the widget instead contains the word `regex' (or `regexp'),
     then the matching is performed using regular expressions,
     respecting the setting of the option RE_MATCH_PCRE (see the
     description of the function regexp-replace below).  The special
     replacement facilities described above for pattern matching are
     available.

     By default the previous source or replacement string will not be
     offered for editing.  However, this feature can be activated by
     setting the style edit-previous in the context :zle:WIDGET (for
     example, :zle:replace-string) to true.  In addition, a positive
     numeric argument forces the previous values to be offered, a
     negative or zero argument forces them not to be.

     The function replace-string-again can be used to repeat the
     previous replacement; no prompting is done.  As with
     replace-string, if the name of the widget contains the word
     `pattern' or `regex', pattern or regular expression matching is
     performed, else a literal string replacement.  Note that the
     previous source and replacement text are the same whether pattern,
     regular expression or string matching is used.

     In addition, replace-string shows the previous replacement above
     the prompt, so long as there was one during the current session;
     if the source string is empty, that replacement will be repeated
     without the widget prompting for a replacement string.

     For example, starting from the line:


          print This line contains fan and fond

     and invoking replace-pattern with the source string `f(?)n' and
     the replacement string `c\1r' produces the not very useful line:


          print This line contains car and cord

     The range of the replacement string can be limited by using the
     narrow-to-region-invisible widget.  One limitation of the current
     version is that undo will cycle through changes to the replacement
     and source strings before undoing the replacement itself.

send-invisible
     This is similar to read-from-minibuffer in that it may be called
     as a function from a widget or as a widget of its own, and
     interactively reads input from the keyboard.  However, the input
     being typed is concealed and a string of asterisks (`*') is shown
     instead.  The value is saved in the parameter $INVISIBLE to which
     a reference is inserted into the editing buffer at the restored
     cursor position.  If the read was aborted by a keyboard break
     (typically ^G) or another escape from editing such as push-line,
     $INVISIBLE is set to empty and the original buffer is restored
     unchanged.

     If one argument is supplied to the function it is taken as a
     prompt, otherwise `Non-echoed text: ' is used (as in emacs).  If a
     second and third argument are supplied they are used to begin and
     end the reference to $INVISIBLE that is inserted into the buffer.
     The default is to open with ${, then INVISIBLE, and close with },
     but many other effects are possible.

smart-insert-last-word
     This function may replace the insert-last-word widget, like so:


          zle -N insert-last-word smart-insert-last-word

     With a numeric argument, or when passed command line arguments in
     a call from another widget, it behaves like insert-last-word,
     except that words in comments are ignored when
     INTERACTIVE_COMMENTS is set.

     Otherwise, the rightmost ``interesting'' word from the previous
     command is found and inserted.  The default definition of
     ``interesting'' is that the word contains at least one alphabetic
     character, slash, or backslash.  This definition may be overridden
     by use of the match style.  The context used to look up the style
     is the widget name, so usually the context is :insert-last-word.
     However, you can bind this function to different widgets to use
     different patterns:


          zle -N insert-last-assignment smart-insert-last-word
          zstyle :insert-last-assignment match '[[:alpha:]][][[:alnum:]]#=*'
          bindkey '\e=' insert-last-assignment

     If no interesting word is found and the auto-previous style is set
     to a true value, the search continues upward through the history.
     When auto-previous is unset or false (the default), the widget
     must be invoked repeatedly in order to search earlier history
     lines.

transpose-lines
     Only useful with a multi-line editing buffer; the lines here are
     lines within the current on-screen buffer, not history lines.  The
     effect is similar to the function of the same name in Emacs.

     Transpose the current line with the previous line and move the
     cursor to the start of the next line.  Repeating this (which can
     be done by providing a positive numeric argument) has the effect
     of moving the line above the cursor down by a number of lines.

     With a negative numeric argument, requires two lines above the
     cursor.  These two lines are transposed and the cursor moved to the
     start of the previous line.  Using a numeric argument less than -1
     has the effect of moving the line above the cursor up by minus that
     number of lines.

url-quote-magic
     This widget replaces the built-in self-insert to make it easier to
     type URLs as command line arguments.  As you type, the input
     character is analyzed and, if it may need quoting, the current
     word is checked for a URI scheme.  If one is found and the current
     word is not already in quotes, a backslash is inserted before the
     input character.

     Styles to control quoting behavior:


    url-metas
          This style is looked up in the context
          `:url-quote-magic:SCHEME' (where SCHEME is that of the
          current URL, e.g. "ftp").  The value is a string listing the
          characters to be treated as globbing metacharacters when
          appearing in a URL using that scheme.  The default is to
          quote all zsh extended globbing characters, excluding '<' and
          '>' but including braces (as in brace expansion).  See also
          url-seps.

    url-seps
          Like url-metas, but lists characters that should be
          considered command separators, redirections, history
          references, etc.  The default is to quote the standard set of
          shell separators, excluding those that overlap with the
          extended globbing characters, but including '<' and '>' and
          the first character of $histchars.

    url-globbers
          This style is looked up in the context `:url-quote-magic'.
          The values form a list of command names that are expected to
          do their own globbing on the URL string.  This implies that
          they are aliased to use the `noglob' modifier.  When the
          first word on the line matches one of the values _and_ the
          URL refers to a local file (see url-local-schema), only the
          url-seps characters are quoted; the url-metas are left alone,
          allowing them to affect command-line parsing, completion,
          etc.  The default values are a literal `noglob' plus (when
          the zsh/parameter module is available) any commands aliased
          to the helper function `urlglobber' or its alias `globurl'.

    url-local-schema
          This style is always looked up in the context `:urlglobber',
          even though it is used by both url-quote-magic and
          urlglobber.  The values form a list of URI schema that should
          be treated as referring to local files by their real local
          path names, as opposed to files which are specified relative
          to a web-server-defined document root.  The defaults are
          "ftp" and "file".

    url-other-schema
          Like url-local-schema, but lists all other URI schema upon
          which urlglobber and url-quote-magic should act.  If the URI
          on the command line does not have a scheme appearing either
          in this list or in url-local-schema, it is not magically
          quoted.  The default values are "http", "https", and "ftp".
          When a scheme appears both here and in url-local-schema, it
          is quoted differently depending on whether the command name
          appears in url-globbers.


     Loading url-quote-magic also defines a helper function `urlglobber'
     and aliases `globurl' to `noglob urlglobber'.  This function takes
     a local URL apart, attempts to pattern-match the local file
     portion of the URL path, and then puts the results back into URL
     format again.

vi-pipe
     This function reads a movement command from the keyboard and then
     prompts for an external command. The part of the buffer covered by
     the movement is piped to the external command and then replaced by
     the command's output. If the movement command is bound to vi-pipe,
     the current line is used.

     The function serves as an example for reading a vi movement command
     from within a user-defined widget.

which-command
     This function is a drop-in replacement for the builtin widget
     which-command.  It has enhanced behaviour, in that it correctly
     detects whether or not the command word needs to be expanded as an
     alias; if so, it continues tracing the command word from the
     expanded alias until it reaches the command that will be executed.

     The style whence is available in the context :zle:$WIDGET; this
     may be set to an array to give the command and options that will
     be used to investigate the command word found.  The default is
     whence -c.

zcalc-auto-insert
     This function is useful together with the zcalc function described
     in *Note Mathematical Functions::.  It should be bound to a key
     representing a binary operator such as `+', `-', `*' or `/'.  When
     running in zcalc, if the key occurs at the start of the line or
     immediately following an open parenthesis, the text "ans " is
     inserted before the representation of the key itself.  This allows
     easy use of the answer from the previous calculation in the
     current line.  The text to be inserted before the symbol typed can
     be modified by setting the variable ZCALC_AUTO_INSERT_PREFIX.

     Hence, for example, typing `+12' followed by return adds 12 to the
     previous result.

     If zcalc is in RPN mode (-r option) the effect of this binding is
     automatically suppressed as operators alone on a line are
     meaningful.

     When not in zcalc, the key simply inserts the symbol itself.



26.7.2 Utility Functions
------------------------

These functions are useful in constructing widgets.  They should be
loaded with `autoload -U FUNCTION' and called as indicated from
user-defined widgets.


split-shell-arguments
     This function splits the line currently being edited into shell
     arguments and whitespace.  The result is stored in the array
     reply.  The array contains all the parts of the line in order,
     starting with any whitespace before the first argument, and
     finishing with any whitespace after the last argument.  Hence (so
     long as the option KSH_ARRAYS is not set) whitespace is given by
     odd indices in the array and arguments by even indices.  Note that
     no stripping of quotes is done; joining together all the elements
     of reply in order is guaranteed to produce the original line.

     The parameter REPLY is set to the index of the word in reply which
     contains the character after the cursor, where the first element
     has index 1.  The parameter REPLY2 is set to the index of the
     character under the cursor in that word, where the first character
     has index 1.

     Hence reply, REPLY and REPLY2 should all be made local to the
     enclosing function.

     See the function modify-current-argument, described below, for an
     example of how to call this function.

modify-current-argument [ EXPR-USING-$ARG | FUNC ]
     This function provides a simple method of allowing user-defined
     widgets to modify the command line argument under the cursor (or
     immediately to the left of the cursor if the cursor is between
     arguments).

     The argument can be an expression which when evaluated operates on
     the shell parameter ARG, which will have been set to the command
     line argument under the cursor.  The expression should be suitably
     quoted to prevent it being evaluated too early.

     Alternatively, if the argument does not contain the string ARG, it
     is assumed to be a shell function, to which the current command
     line argument is passed as the only argument.  The function should
     set the variable REPLY to the new value for the command line
     argument.  If the function returns non-zero status, so does the
     calling function.

     For example, a user-defined widget containing the following code
     converts the characters in the argument under the cursor into all
     upper case:


          modify-current-argument '${(U)ARG}'

     The following strips any quoting from the current word (whether
     backslashes or one of the styles of quotes), and replaces it with
     single quoting throughout:


          modify-current-argument '${(qq)${(Q)ARG}}'

     The following performs directory expansion on the command line
     argument and replaces it by the absolute path:


          expand-dir() {
            REPLY=${~1}
            REPLY=${REPLY:a}
          }
          modify-current-argument expand-dir

     In practice the function expand-dir would probably not be defined
     within the widget where modify-current-argument is called.



26.7.3 Styles
-------------

The behavior of several of the above widgets can be controlled by the
use of the zstyle mechanism.  In particular, widgets that interact with
the completion system pass along their context to any completions that
they invoke.


break-keys
     This style is used by the incremental-complete-word widget. Its
     value should be a pattern, and all keys matching this pattern will
     cause the widget to stop incremental completion without the key
     having any further effect. Like all styles used directly by
     incremental-complete-word, this style is looked up using the
     context `:incremental'.

completer
     The incremental-complete-word and insert-and-predict widgets set
     up their top-level context name before calling completion.  This
     allows one to define different sets of completer functions for
     normal completion and for these widgets.  For example, to use
     completion, approximation and correction for normal completion,
     completion and correction for incremental completion and only
     completion for prediction one could use:


          zstyle ':completion:*' completer \
                  _complete _correct _approximate
          zstyle ':completion:incremental:*' completer \
                  _complete _correct
          zstyle ':completion:predict:*' completer \
                  _complete

     It is a good idea to restrict the completers used in prediction,
     because they may be automatically invoked as you type.  The _list
     and _menu completers should never be used with prediction.  The
     _approximate, _correct, _expand, and _match completers may be
     used, but be aware that they may change characters anywhere in the
     word behind the cursor, so you need to watch carefully that the
     result is what you intended.

cursor
     The insert-and-predict widget uses this style, in the context
     `:predict', to decide where to place the cursor after completion
     has been tried.  Values are:


    complete
          The cursor is left where it was when completion finished, but
          only if it is after a character equal to the one just
          inserted by the user.  If it is after another character, this
          value is the same as `key'.

    key
          The cursor is left after the Nth occurrence of the character
          just inserted, where N is the number of times that character
          appeared in the word before completion was attempted.  In
          short, this has the effect of leaving the cursor after the
          character just typed even if the completion code found out
          that no other characters need to be inserted at that position.


     Any other value for this style unconditionally leaves the cursor
     at the position where the completion code left it.

list
     When using the incremental-complete-word widget, this style says
     if the matches should be listed on every key press (if they fit on
     the screen).  Use the context prefix `:completion:incremental'.

     The insert-and-predict widget uses this style to decide if the
     completion should be shown even if there is only one possible
     completion.  This is done if the value of this style is the string
     always.  In this case the context is `:predict' (_not_
     `:completion:predict').

match
     This style is used by smart-insert-last-word to provide a pattern
     (using full EXTENDED_GLOB syntax) that matches an interesting word.
     The context is the name of the widget to which
     smart-insert-last-word is bound (see above).  The default behavior
     of smart-insert-last-word is equivalent to:


          zstyle :insert-last-word match '*[[:alpha:]/\\]*'

     However, you might want to include words that contain spaces:


          zstyle :insert-last-word match '*[[:alpha:][:space:]/\\]*'

     Or include numbers as long as the word is at least two characters
     long:


          zstyle :insert-last-word match '*([[:digit:]]?|[[:alpha:]/\\])*'

     The above example causes redirections like "2>" to be included.

prompt
     The incremental-complete-word widget shows the value of this style
     in the status line during incremental completion.  The string
     value may contain any of the following substrings in the manner of
     the PS1 and other prompt parameters:


    %c
          Replaced by the name of the completer function that generated
          the matches (without the leading underscore).

    %l
          When the list style is set, replaced by `...' if the list of
          matches is too long to fit on the screen and with an empty
          string otherwise.  If the list style is `false' or not set,
          `%l' is always removed.

    %n
          Replaced by the number of matches generated.

    %s
          Replaced by `-no match-', `-no prefix-', or an empty string
          if there is no completion matching the word on the line, if
          the matches have no common prefix different from the word on
          the line, or if there is such a common prefix, respectively.

    %u
          Replaced by the unambiguous part of all matches, if there is
          any, and if it is different from the word on the line.


     Like `break-keys', this uses the `:incremental' context.

stop-keys
     This style is used by the incremental-complete-word widget.  Its
     value is treated similarly to the one for the break-keys style
     (and uses the same context: `:incremental').  However, in this
     case all keys matching the pattern given as its value will stop
     incremental completion and will then execute their usual function.

toggle
     This boolean style is used by predict-on and its related widgets in
     the context `:predict'.  If set to one of the standard `true'
     values, predictive typing is automatically toggled off in
     situations where it is unlikely to be useful, such as when editing
     a multi-line buffer or after moving into the middle of a line and
     then deleting a character.  The default is to leave prediction
     turned on until an explicit call to predict-off.

verbose
     This boolean style is used by predict-on and its related widgets in
     the context `:predict'.  If set to one of the standard `true'
     values, these widgets display a message below the prompt when the
     predictive state is toggled.  This is most useful in combination
     with the toggle style.  The default does not display these
     messages.

widget
     This style is similar to the command style: For widget functions
     that use zle to call other widgets, this style can sometimes be
     used to override the widget which is called.  The context for this
     style is the name of the calling widget (_not_ the name of the
     calling function, because one function may be bound to multiple
     widget names).


          zstyle :copy-earlier-word widget smart-insert-last-word

     Check the documentation for the calling widget or function to
     determine whether the widget style is used.




File: zsh.info,  Node: Exception Handling,  Next: MIME Functions,  Prev: ZLE Functions,  Up: User Contributions

26.8 Exception Handling
=======================

Two functions are provided to enable zsh to provide exception handling
in a form that should be familiar from other languages.


throw EXCEPTION
     The function throw throws the named EXCEPTION.  The name is an
     arbitrary string and is only used by the throw and catch
     functions.  An exception is for the most part treated the same as a
     shell error, i.e. an unhandled exception will cause the shell to
     abort all processing in a function or script and to return to the
     top level in an interactive shell.

catch EXCEPTION-PATTERN
     The function catch returns status zero if an exception was thrown
     and the pattern EXCEPTION-PATTERN matches its name.  Otherwise it
     returns status 1.  EXCEPTION-PATTERN is a standard shell pattern,
     respecting the current setting of the EXTENDED_GLOB option.  An
     alias catch is also defined to prevent the argument to the
     function from matching filenames, so patterns may be used
     unquoted.  Note that as exceptions are not fundamentally different
     from other shell errors it is possible to catch shell errors by
     using an empty string as the exception name.  The shell variable
     CAUGHT is set by catch to the name of the exception caught.  It is
     possible to rethrow an exception by calling the throw function
     again once an exception has been caught.  


The functions are designed to be used together with the always construct
described in *Note Complex Commands::.  This is important as only this
construct provides the required support for exceptions.  A typical
example is as follows.


     {
       # "try" block
       # ... nested code here calls "throw MyExcept"
     } always {
       # "always" block
       if catch MyExcept; then
         print "Caught exception MyExcept"
       elif catch ''; then
         print "Caught a shell error.  Propagating..."
         throw ''
       fi
       # Other exceptions are not handled but may be caught further
       # up the call stack.
     }

If all exceptions should be caught, the following idiom might be
preferable.


     {
       # ... nested code here throws an exception
     } always {
       if catch *; then
         case $CAUGHT in
           (MyExcept)
           print "Caught my own exception"
           ;;
           (*)
           print "Caught some other exception"
           ;;
         esac
       fi
     }

In common with exception handling in other languages, the exception may
be thrown by code deeply nested inside the `try' block.  However, note
that it must be thrown inside the current shell, not in a subshell
forked for a pipeline, parenthesised current-shell construct, or some
form of command or process substitution.

The system internally uses the shell variable EXCEPTION to record the
name of the exception between throwing and catching.  One drawback of
this scheme is that if the exception is not handled the variable
EXCEPTION remains set and may be incorrectly recognised as the name of
an exception if a shell error subsequently occurs.  Adding unset
EXCEPTION at the start of the outermost layer of any code that uses
exception handling will eliminate this problem.




File: zsh.info,  Node: MIME Functions,  Next: Mathematical Functions,  Prev: Exception Handling,  Up: User Contributions

26.9 MIME Functions
===================

Three functions are available to provide handling of files recognised by
extension, for example to dispatch a file text.ps when executed as a
command to an appropriate viewer.


zsh-mime-setup [ -fv ] [ -l [ SUFFIX ... ] ]
zsh-mime-handler [ -l ] COMMAND ARGUMENT ...
     These two functions use the files ~/.mime.types and
     /etc/mime.types, which associate types and extensions, as well as
     ~/.mailcap and /etc/mailcap files, which associate types and the
     programs that handle them.  These are provided on many systems
     with the Multimedia Internet Mail Extensions.

     To enable the system, the function zsh-mime-setup should be
     autoloaded and run.  This allows files with extensions to be
     treated as executable; such files be completed by the function
     completion system.  The function zsh-mime-handler should not need
     to be called by the user.

     The system works by setting up suffix aliases with `alias -s'.
     Suffix aliases already installed by the user will not be
     overwritten.

     For suffixes defined in lower case, upper case variants will also
     automatically be handled (e.g. PDF is automatically handled if
     handling for the suffix pdf is defined), but not vice versa.

     Repeated calls to zsh-mime-setup do not override the existing
     mapping between suffixes and executable files unless the option -f
     is given.  Note, however, that this does not override existing
     suffix aliases assigned to handlers other than zsh-mime-handler.

     Calling zsh-mime-setup with the option -l lists the existing
     mappings without altering them.  Suffixes to list (which may
     contain pattern characters that should be quoted from immediate
     interpretation on the command line) may be given as additional
     arguments, otherwise all suffixes are listed.

     Calling zsh-mime-setup with the option -v causes verbose output to
     be shown during the setup operation.

     The system respects the mailcap flags needsterminal and
     copiousoutput, see man page mailcap(4).

     The functions use the following styles, which are defined with the
     zstyle builtin command (*Note The zsh/zutil Module::).  They
     should be defined before zsh-mime-setup is run.  The contexts used
     all start with :mime:, with additional components in some cases.
     It is recommended that a trailing * (suitably quoted) be appended
     to style patterns in case the system is extended in future.  Some
     examples are given below.

     For files that have multiple suffixes, e.g. .pdf.gz, where the
     context includes the suffix it will be looked up starting with the
     longest possible suffix until a match for the style is found.  For
     example, if .pdf.gz produces a match for the handler, that will be
     used; otherwise the handler for .gz will be used.  Note that,
     owing to the way suffix aliases work, it is always required that
     there be a handler for the shortest possible suffix, so in this
     example .pdf.gz can only be handled if .gz is also handled (though
     not necessarily in the same way).  Alternatively, if no handling
     for .gz on its own is needed, simply adding the command


          alias -s gz=zsh-mime-handler

     to the initialisation code is sufficient; .gz will not be handled
     on its own, but may be in combination with other suffixes.


    current-shell
          If this boolean style is true, the mailcap handler for the
          context in question is run using the eval builtin instead of
          by starting a new sh process.  This is more efficient, but
          may not work in the occasional cases where the mailcap
          handler uses strict POSIX syntax.

    disown
          If this boolean style is true, mailcap handlers started in the
          background will be disowned, i.e. not subject to job control
          within the parent shell.  Such handlers nearly always produce
          their own windows, so the only likely harmful side effect of
          setting the style is that it becomes harder to kill jobs from
          within the shell.

    execute-as-is
          This style gives a list of patterns to be matched against
          files passed for execution with a handler program.  If the
          file matches the pattern, the entire command line is executed
          in its current form, with no handler.  This is useful for
          files which might have suffixes but nonetheless be executable
          in their own right.  If the style is not set, the pattern
          *(*) *(/) is used; hence executable files are executed
          directly and not passed to a handler, and the option AUTO_CD
          may be used to change to directories that happen to have MIME
          suffixes.

    execute-never
          This style is useful in combination with execute-as-is.  It is
          set to an array of patterns corresponding to full paths to
          files that should never be treated as executable, even if the
          file passed to the MIME handler matches execute-as-is.  This
          is useful for file systems that don't handle execute
          permission or that contain executables from another operating
          system.  For example, if /mnt/windows is a Windows mount, then


               zstyle ':mime:*' execute-never '/mnt/windows/*'

          will ensure that any files found in that area will be
          executed as MIME types even if they are executable.  As this
          example shows, the complete file name is matched against the
          pattern, regardless of how the file was passed to the
          handler.  The file is resolved to a full path using the :P
          modifier described in *Note Modifiers::; this means that
          symbolic links are resolved where possible, so that links
          into other file systems behave in the correct fashion.

    file-path
          Used if the style find-file-in-path is true for the same
          context.  Set to an array of directories that are used for
          searching for the file to be handled; the default is the
          command path given by the special parameter path.  The shell
          option PATH_DIRS is respected; if that is set, the
          appropriate path will be searched even if the name of the
          file to be handled as it appears on the command line contains
          a `/'.  The full context is :mime:.SUFFIX:, as described for
          the style handler.

    find-file-in-path
          If set, allows files whose names do not contain absolute paths
          to be searched for in the command path or the path specified
          by the file-path style.  If the file is not found in the
          path, it is looked for locally (whether or not the current
          directory is in the path); if it is not found locally, the
          handler will abort unless the handle-nonexistent style is
          set.  Files found in the path are tested as described for the
          style execute-as-is.  The full context is :mime:.SUFFIX:, as
          described for the style handler.

    flags
          Defines flags to go with a handler; the context is as for the
          handler style, and the format is as for the flags in mailcap.

    handle-nonexistent
          By default, arguments that don't correspond to files are not
          passed to the MIME handler in order to prevent it from
          intercepting commands found in the path that happen to have
          suffixes.  This style may be set to an array of extended glob
          patterns for arguments that will be passed to the handler
          even if they don't exist.  If it is not explicitly set it
          defaults to [[:alpha:]]#:/* which allows URLs to be passed to
          the MIME handler even though they don't exist in that format
          in the file system.  The full context is :mime:.SUFFIX:, as
          described for the style handler.

    handler
          Specifies a handler for a suffix; the suffix is given by the
          context as :mime:.SUFFIX:, and the format of the handler is
          exactly that in mailcap.  Note in particular the `.' and
          trailing colon to distinguish this use of the context.  This
          overrides any handler specified by the mailcap files.  If the
          handler requires a terminal, the flags style should be set to
          include the word needsterminal, or if the output is to be
          displayed through a pager (but not if the handler is itself a
          pager), it should include copiousoutput.

    mailcap
          A list of files in the format of ~/.mailcap and /etc/mailcap
          to be read during setup, replacing the default list which
          consists of those two files.  The context is :mime:.  A + in
          the list will be replaced by the default files.

    mailcap-priorities
          This style is used to resolve multiple mailcap entries for
          the same MIME type.  It consists of an array of the following
          elements, in descending order of priority; later entries will
          be used if earlier entries are unable to resolve the entries
          being compared.  If none of the tests resolve the entries,
          the first entry encountered is retained.


         files
               The order of files (entries in the mailcap style) read.
               Earlier files are preferred.  (Note this does not
               resolve entries in the same file.)

         priority
               The priority flag from the mailcap entry.  The priority
               is an integer from 0 to 9 with the default value being 5.

         flags
               The test given by the mailcap-prio-flags option is used
               to resolve entries.

         place
               Later entries are preferred; as the entries are strictly
               ordered, this test always succeeds.


          Note that as this style is handled during initialisation, the
          context is always :mime:, with no discrimination by suffix.

    mailcap-prio-flags
          This style is used when the keyword flags is encountered in
          the list of tests specified by the mailcap-priorities style.
          It should be set to a list of patterns, each of which is
          tested against the flags specified in the mailcap entry (in
          other words, the sets of assignments found with some entries
          in the mailcap file).  Earlier patterns in the list are
          preferred to later ones, and matched patterns are preferred
          to unmatched ones.

    mime-types
          A list of files in the format of ~/.mime.types and
          /etc/mime.types to be read during setup, replacing the
          default list which consists of those two files.  The context
          is :mime:.  A + in the list will be replaced by the default
          files.

    never-background
          If this boolean style is set, the handler for the given
          context is always run in the foreground, even if the flags
          provided in the mailcap entry suggest it need not be (for
          example, it doesn't require a terminal).

    pager
          If set, will be used instead of $PAGER or more to handle
          suffixes where the copiousoutput flag is set.  The context is
          as for handler, i.e. :mime:.SUFFIX: for handling a file with
          the given SUFFIX.


     Examples:


          zstyle ':mime:*' mailcap ~/.mailcap /usr/local/etc/mailcap
          zstyle ':mime:.txt:' handler less %s
          zstyle ':mime:.txt:' flags needsterminal

     When zsh-mime-setup is subsequently run, it will look for mailcap
     entries in the two files given.  Files of suffix .txt will be
     handled by running `less FILE.TXT'.  The flag needsterminal is set
     to show that this program must run attached to a terminal.

     As there are several steps to dispatching a command, the following
     should be checked if attempting to execute a file by extension
     .EXT does not have the expected effect.

     The command `alias -s EXT' should show `ps=zsh-mime-handler'.  If
     it shows something else, another suffix alias was already
     installed and was not overwritten.  If it shows nothing, no
     handler was installed:  this is most likely because no handler was
     found in the .mime.types and mailcap combination for .ext files.
     In that case, appropriate handling should be added to
     ~/.mime.types and mailcap.

     If the extension is handled by zsh-mime-handler but the file is
     not opened correctly, either the handler defined for the type is
     incorrect, or the flags associated with it are in appropriate.
     Running zsh-mime-setup -l will show the handler and, if there are
     any, the flags.  A %s in the handler is replaced by the file
     (suitably quoted if necessary).  Check that the handler program
     listed lists and can be run in the way shown.  Also check that the
     flags needsterminal or copiousoutput are set if the handler needs
     to be run under a terminal; the second flag is used if the output
     should be sent to a pager.  An example of a suitable mailcap entry
     for such a program is:


          text/html; /usr/bin/lynx '%s'; needsterminal

     Running `zsh-mime-handler -l COMMAND LINE' prints the command line
     that would be executed, simplified to remove the effect of any
     flags, and quoted so that the output can be run as a complete zsh
     command line.  This is used by the completion system to decide how
     to complete after a file handled by zsh-mime-setup.

pick-web-browser
     This function is separate from the two MIME functions described
     above and can be assigned directly to a suffix:


          autoload -U pick-web-browser
          alias -s html=pick-web-browser

     It is provided as an intelligent front end to dispatch a web
     browser.  It may be run as either a function or a shell script.
     The status 255 is returned if no browser could be started.

     Various styles are available to customize the choice of browsers:


    browser-style
          The value of the style is an array giving preferences in
          decreasing order for the type of browser to use.  The values
          of elements may be


         running
               Use a GUI browser that is already running when an X
               Window display is available.  The browsers listed in the
               x-browsers style are tried in order until one is found;
               if it is, the file will be displayed in that browser, so
               the user may need to check whether it has appeared.  If
               no running browser is found, one is not started.
               Browsers other than Firefox, Opera and Konqueror are
               assumed to understand the Mozilla syntax for opening a
               URL remotely.

         x
               Start a new GUI browser when an X Window display is
               available.  Search for the availability of one of the
               browsers listed in the x-browsers style and start the
               first one that is found.  No check is made for an already
               running browser.

         tty
               Start a terminal-based browser.  Search for the
               availability of one of the browsers listed in the
               tty-browsers style and start the first one that is found.


          If the style is not set the default running x tty is used.

    x-browsers
          An array in decreasing order of preference of browsers to use
          when running under the X Window System.  The array consists
          of the command name under which to start the browser.  They
          are looked up in the context :mime: (which may be extended in
          future, so appending `*' is recommended).  For example,


               zstyle ':mime:*' x-browsers opera konqueror firefox

          specifies that pick-web-browser should first look for a
          running instance of Opera, Konqueror or Firefox, in that
          order, and if it fails to find any should attempt to start
          Opera.  The default is firefox mozilla netscape opera
          konqueror.

    tty-browsers
          An array similar to x-browsers, except that it gives browsers
          to use when no X Window display is available.  The default is
          elinks links lynx.

    command
          If it is set this style is used to pick the command used to
          open a page for a browser.  The context is
          :mime:browser:new:$browser: to start a new browser or
          :mime:browser:running:$browser: to open a URL in a browser
          already running on the current X display, where $browser is
          the value matched in the x-browsers or tty-browsers style.
          The escape sequence %b in the style's value will be replaced
          by the browser, while %u will be replaced by the URL.  If the
          style is not set, the default for all new instances is
          equivalent to %b %u and the defaults for using running
          browsers are equivalent to the values kfmclient openURL %u for
          Konqueror, firefox -new-tab %u for Firefox, opera -newpage %u
          for Opera, and %b -remote "openUrl(%u)" for all others.





File: zsh.info,  Node: Mathematical Functions,  Next: User Configuration Functions,  Prev: MIME Functions,  Up: User Contributions

26.10 Mathematical Functions
============================


zcalc [ -erf ] [ EXPRESSION ... ]
     A reasonably powerful calculator based on zsh's arithmetic
     evaluation facility.  The syntax is similar to that of formulae in
     most programming languages; see *Note Arithmetic Evaluation:: for
     details.

     Non-programmers should note that, as in many other programming
     languages, expressions involving only integers (whether constants
     without a `.', variables containing such constants as strings, or
     variables declared to be integers) are by default evaluated using
     integer arithmetic, which is not how an ordinary desk calculator
     operates.  To force floating point operation, pass the option -f;
     see further notes below.

     If the file ~/.zcalcrc exists it will be sourced inside the
     function once it is set up and about to process the command line.
     This can be used, for example, to set shell options; emulate -L zsh
     and setopt extendedglob are in effect at this point.  Any failure
     to source the file if it exists is treated as fatal.  As with
     other initialisation files, the directory $ZDOTDIR is used instead
     of $HOME if it is set.

     The mathematical library zsh/mathfunc will be loaded if it is
     available; see *Note The zsh/mathfunc Module::.  The mathematical
     functions correspond to the raw system libraries, so trigonometric
     functions are evaluated using radians, and so on.

     Each line typed is evaluated as an expression.  The prompt shows a
     number, which corresponds to a positional parameter where the
     result of that calculation is stored.  For example, the result of
     the calculation on the line preceded by `4> ' is available as $4.
     The last value calculated is available as ans.  Full command line
     editing, including the history of previous calculations, is
     available; the history is saved in the file ~/.zcalc_history.  To
     exit, enter a blank line or type `:q' on its own (`q' is allowed
     for historical compatibility).

     A line ending with a single backslash is treated in the same
     fashion as it is in command line editing:  the backslash is
     removed, the function prompts for more input (the prompt is
     preceded by `...'  to indicate this), and the lines are combined
     into one to get the final result.  In addition, if the input so
     far contains more open than close parentheses zcalc will prompt
     for more input.

     If arguments are given to zcalc on start up, they are used to
     prime the first few positional parameters.  A visual indication of
     this is given when the calculator starts.

     The constants PI (3.14159...) and E (2.71828...) are provided.
     Parameter assignment is possible, but note that all parameters
     will be put into the global namespace unless the :local special
     command is used.  The function creates local variables whose names
     start with _, so users should avoid doing so.  The variables ans
     (the last answer) and stack (the stack in RPN mode) may be
     referred to directly; stack is an array but elements of it are
     numeric.  Various other special variables are used locally with
     their standard meaning, for example compcontext, match, mbegin,
     mend, psvar.

     The output base can be initialised by passing the option `-#BASE',
     for example `zcalc -#16' (the `#' may have to be quoted, depending
     on the globbing options set).

     If the option `-e' is set, the function runs non-interactively:
     the arguments are treated as expressions to be evaluated as if
     entered interactively line by line.

     If the option `-f' is set, all numbers are treated as floating
     point, hence for example the expression `3/4' evaluates to 0.75
     rather than 0.  Options must appear in separate words.

     If the option `-r' is set, RPN (Reverse Polish Notation) mode is
     entered.  This has various additional properties:
    Stack
          Evaluated values are maintained in a stack; this is contained
          in an array named stack with the most recent value in
          ${stack[1]}.

    Operators and functions
          If the line entered matches an operator (+, -, *, /, **, ^, |
          or &) or a function supplied by the zsh/mathfunc library, the
          bottom element or elements of the stack are popped to use as
          the argument or arguments.  The higher elements of stack
          (least recent) are used as earlier arguments.  The result is
          then pushed into ${stack[1]}.

    Expressions
          Other expressions are evaluated normally, printed, and added
          to the stack as numeric values.  The syntax within
          expressions on a single line is normal shell arithmetic (not
          RPN).

    Stack listing
          If an integer follows the option -r with no space, then on
          every evaluation that many elements of the stack, where
          available, are printed instead of just the most recent
          result.  Hence, for example, zcalc -r4 shows $stack[4] to
          $stack[1] each time results are printed.

    Duplication: =
          The pseudo-operator = causes the most recent element of the
          stack to be duplicated onto the stack.

    pop
          The pseudo-function pop causes the most recent element of the
          stack to be popped.  A `>' on its own has the same effect.

    >IDENT
          The expression > followed (with no space) by a shell
          identifier causes the most recent element of the stack to be
          popped and assigned to the variable with that name.  The
          variable is local to the zcalc function.

    <IDENT
          The expression < followed (with no space) by a shell
          identifier causes the value of the variable with that name to
          be pushed onto the stack.  IDENT may be an integer, in which
          case the previous result with that number (as shown before
          the > in the standard zcalc prompt) is put on the stack.

    Exchange: xy
          The pseudo-function xy causes the most recent two elements of
          the stack to be exchanged.  `<>' has the same effect.


     The prompt is configurable via the parameter ZCALCPROMPT, which
     undergoes standard prompt expansion.  The index of the current
     entry is stored locally in the first element of the array psvar,
     which can be referred to in ZCALCPROMPT as `%1v'.  The default
     prompt is `%1v> '.

     The variable ZCALC_ACTIVE is set within the function and can be
     tested by nested functions; it has the value rpn if RPN mode is
     active, else 1.

     A few special commands are available; these are introduced by a
     colon.  For backward compatibility, the colon may be omitted for
     certain commands.  Completion is available if compinit has been
     run.

     The output precision may be specified within zcalc by special
     commands familiar from many calculators.
    :norm
          The default output format.  It corresponds to the printf %g
          specification.  Typically this shows six decimal digits.

    :sci DIGITS
          Scientific notation, corresponding to the printf %g output
          format with the precision given by DIGITS.  This produces
          either fixed point or exponential notation depending on the
          value output.

    :fix DIGITS
          Fixed point notation, corresponding to the printf %f output
          format with the precision given by DIGITS.

    :eng DIGITS
          Exponential notation, corresponding to the printf %E output
          format with the precision given by DIGITS.

    :raw
          Raw output:  this is the default form of the output from a
          math evaluation.  This may show more precision than the
          number actually possesses.


     Other special commands:
    :!LINE...
          Execute LINE... as a normal shell command line.  Note that it
          is executed in the context of the function, i.e. with local
          variables.  Space is optional after :!.

    :local ARG ...
          Declare variables local to the function.  Other variables may
          be used, too, but they will be taken from or put into the
          global scope.

    :function NAME [ BODY ]
          Define a mathematical function or (with no BODY) delete it.
          :function may be abbreviated to :func or simply :f.  The NAME
          may contain the same characters as a shell function name.
          The function is defined using zmathfuncdef, see below.

          Note that zcalc takes care of all quoting.  Hence for example:


               :f cube $1 * $1 * $1

          defines a function to cube the sole argument.  Functions so
          defined, or indeed any functions defined directly or
          indirectly using functions -M, are available to execute by
          typing only the name on the line in RPN mode; this pops the
          appropriate number of arguments off the stack to pass to the
          function, i.e. 1 in the case of the example cube function.
          If there are optional arguments only the mandatory arguments
          are supplied by this means.

    [#BASE]
          This is not a special command, rather part of normal
          arithmetic syntax; however, when this form appears on a line
          by itself the default output radix is set to BASE.  Use, for
          example, `[#16]' to display hexadecimal output preceded by an
          indication of the base, or `[##16]' just to display the raw
          number in the given base.  Bases themselves are always
          specified in decimal. `[#]' restores the normal output format.
          Note that setting an output base suppresses floating point
          output; use `[#]' to return to normal operation.

    $VAR
          Print out the value of var literally; does not affect the
          calculation.  To use the value of var, omit the leading `$'.


     See the comments in the function for a few extra tips.

min(ARG, ...)
max(ARG, ...)
sum(ARG, ...)
zmathfunc
     The function zmathfunc defines the three mathematical functions
     min, max, and sum.  The functions min and max take one or more
     arguments.  The function sum takes zero or more arguments.
     Arguments can be of different types (ints and floats).

     Not to be confused with the zsh/mathfunc module, described in
     *Note The zsh/mathfunc Module::.

zmathfuncdef [ MATHFUNC [ BODY ] ]
     A convenient front end to functions -M.

     With two arguments, define a mathematical function named MATHFUNC
     which can be used in any form of arithmetic evaluation.  BODY is a
     mathematical expression to implement the function.  It may contain
     references to position parameters $1, $2, ...  to refer to
     mandatory parameters and ${1:-DEFVALUE} ...  to refer to optional
     parameters.  Note that the forms must be strictly adhered to for
     the function to calculate the correct number of arguments.  The
     implementation is held in a shell function named
     zsh_math_func_MATHFUNC; usually the user will not need to refer to
     the shell function directly.  Any existing function of the same
     name is silently replaced.

     With one argument, remove the mathematical function MATHFUNC as
     well as the shell function implementation.

     With no arguments, list all MATHFUNC functions in a form suitable
     for restoring the definition.  The functions have not necessarily
     been defined by zmathfuncdef.




File: zsh.info,  Node: User Configuration Functions,  Next: Other Functions,  Prev: Mathematical Functions,  Up: User Contributions

26.11 User Configuration Functions
==================================

The zsh/newuser module comes with a function to aid in configuring
shell options for new users.  If the module is installed, this function
can also be run by hand.  It is available even if the module's default
behaviour, namely running the function for a new user logging in without
startup files, is inhibited.


zsh-newuser-install [ -f ]
     The function presents the user with various options for customizing
     their initialization scripts.  Currently only ~/.zshrc is handled.
     $ZDOTDIR/.zshrc is used instead if the parameter ZDOTDIR is set;
     this provides a way for the user to configure a file without
     altering an existing .zshrc.

     By default the function exits immediately if it finds any of the
     files .zshenv, .zprofile, .zshrc, or .zlogin in the appropriate
     directory.  The option -f is required in order to force the
     function to continue.  Note this may happen even if .zshrc itself
     does not exist.

     As currently configured, the function will exit immediately if the
     user has root privileges; this behaviour cannot be overridden.

     Once activated, the function's behaviour is supposed to be
     self-explanatory.  Menus are present allowing the user to alter
     the value of options and parameters.  Suggestions for improvements
     are always welcome.

     When the script exits, the user is given the opportunity to save
     the new file or not; changes are not irreversible until this
     point.  However, the script is careful to restrict changes to the
     file only to a group marked by the lines `# Lines configured by
     zsh-newuser-install' and `# End of lines configured by
     zsh-newuser-install'.  In addition, the old version of .zshrc is
     saved to a file with the suffix .zni appended.

     If the function edits an existing .zshrc, it is up to the user to
     ensure that the changes made will take effect.  For example, if
     control usually returns early from the existing .zshrc the lines
     will not be executed; or a later initialization file may override
     options or parameters, and so on.  The function itself does not
     attempt to detect any such conflicts.




File: zsh.info,  Node: Other Functions,  Prev: User Configuration Functions,  Up: User Contributions

26.12 Other Functions
=====================

There are a large number of helpful functions in the Functions/Misc
directory of the zsh distribution.  Most are very simple and do not
require documentation here, but a few are worthy of special mention.



26.12.1 Descriptions
--------------------


colors
     This function initializes several associative arrays to map color
     names to (and from) the ANSI standard eight-color terminal codes.
     These are used by the prompt theme system (*Note Prompt Themes::).
     You seldom should need to run colors more than once.

     The eight base colors are: black, red, green, yellow, blue,
     magenta, cyan, and white.  Each of these has codes for foreground
     and background.  In addition there are seven intensity attributes:
     bold, faint, standout, underline, blink, reverse, and conceal.
     Finally, there are seven codes used to negate attributes: none
     (reset all attributes to the defaults), normal (neither bold nor
     faint), no-standout, no-underline, no-blink, no-reverse, and
     no-conceal.

     Some terminals do not support all combinations of colors and
     intensities.

     The associative arrays are:


    color
    colour
          Map all the color names to their integer codes, and integer
          codes to the color names.  The eight base names map to the
          foreground color codes, as do names prefixed with `fg-', such
          as `fg-red'.  Names prefixed with `bg-', such as `bg-blue',
          refer to the background codes.  The reverse mapping from code
          to color yields base name for foreground codes and the bg-
          form for backgrounds.

          Although it is a misnomer to call them `colors', these arrays
          also map the other fourteen attributes from names to codes
          and codes to names.

    fg
    fg_bold
    fg_no_bold
          Map the eight basic color names to ANSI terminal escape
          sequences that set the corresponding foreground text
          properties.  The fg sequences change the color without
          changing the eight intensity attributes.

    bg
    bg_bold
    bg_no_bold
          Map the eight basic color names to ANSI terminal escape
          sequences that set the corresponding background properties.
          The bg sequences change the color without changing the eight
          intensity attributes.


     In addition, the scalar parameters reset_color and bold_color are
     set to the ANSI terminal escapes that turn off all attributes and
     turn on bold intensity, respectively.

fned [ -x NUM ] NAME
     Same as zed -f.  This function does not appear in the zsh
     distribution, but can be created by linking zed to the name fned
     in some directory in your fpath.

is-at-least NEEDED [ PRESENT ]
     Perform a greater-than-or-equal-to comparison of two strings
     having the format of a zsh version number; that is, a string of
     numbers and text with segments separated by dots or dashes.  If
     the PRESENT string is not provided, $ZSH_VERSION is used.
     Segments are paired left-to-right in the two strings with leading
     non-number parts ignored.  If one string has fewer segments than
     the other, the missing segments are considered zero.

     This is useful in startup files to set options and other state
     that are not available in all versions of zsh.


          is-at-least 3.1.6-15 && setopt NO_GLOBAL_RCS
          is-at-least 3.1.0 && setopt HIST_REDUCE_BLANKS
          is-at-least 2.6-17 || print "You can't use is-at-least here."

nslookup [ ARG ... ]
     This wrapper function for the nslookup command requires the
     zsh/zpty module (see *Note The zsh/zpty Module::).  It behaves
     exactly like the standard nslookup except that it provides
     customizable prompts (including a right-side prompt) and
     completion of nslookup commands, host names, etc. (if you use the
     function-based completion system).  Completion styles may be set
     with the context prefix `:completion:nslookup'.

     See also the pager, prompt and rprompt styles below.

regexp-replace VAR REGEXP REPLACE
     Use regular expressions to perform a global search and replace
     operation on a variable.  POSIX extended regular expressions are
     used, unless the option RE_MATCH_PCRE has been set, in which case
     Perl-compatible regular expressions are used (this requires the
     shell to be linked against the pcre library).

     VAR is the name of the variable containing the string to be
     matched.  The variable will be modified directly by the function.
     The variables MATCH, MBEGIN, MEND, match, mbegin, mend should be
     avoided as these are used by the regular expression code.

     REGEXP is the regular expression to match against the string.

     REPLACE is the replacement text.  This can contain parameter,
     command and arithmetic expressions which will be replaced:  in
     particular, a reference to $MATCH will be replaced by the text
     matched by the pattern.

     The return status is 0 if at least one match was performed, else 1.

run-help CMD
     This function is designed to be invoked by the run-help ZLE widget,
     in place of the default alias.  See `Accessing On-Line Help'
     (*Note Utilities::) for setup instructions.

     In the discussion which follows, if CMD is a file system path, it
     is first reduced to its rightmost component (the file name).

     Help is first sought by looking for a file named CMD in the
     directory named by the HELPDIR parameter.  If no file is found, an
     assistant function, alias, or command named run-help-CMD is
     sought.  If found, the assistant is executed with the rest of the
     current command line (everything after the command name CMD) as
     its arguments.  When neither file nor assistant is found, the
     external command `man CMD' is run.

     An example assistant for the "ssh" command:


          run-help-ssh() {
              emulate -LR zsh
              local -a args
              # Delete the "-l username" option
              zparseopts -D -E -a args l:
              # Delete other options, leaving: host command
              args=(${@:#-*})
              if [[ ${#args} -lt 2 ]]; then
                  man ssh
              else
                  run-help $args[2]
              fi
          }

     Several of these assistants are provided in the Functions/Misc
     directory.  These must be autoloaded, or placed as executable
     scripts in your search path, in order to be found and used by
     run-help.


    run-help-git
    run-help-ip
    run-help-openssl
    run-help-p4
    run-help-sudo
    run-help-svk
    run-help-svn
          Assistant functions for the git, ip, openssl, p4, sudo, svk,
          and svn, commands.


tetris
     Zsh was once accused of not being as complete as Emacs, because it
     lacked a Tetris game.  This function was written to refute this
     vicious slander.

     This function must be used as a ZLE widget:


          autoload -U tetris
          zle -N tetris
          bindkey KEYS tetris

     To start a game, execute the widget by typing the KEYS.  Whatever
     command line you were editing disappears temporarily, and your
     keymap is also temporarily replaced by the Tetris control keys.
     The previous editor state is restored when you quit the game (by
     pressing `q') or when you lose.

     If you quit in the middle of a game, the next invocation of the
     tetris widget will continue where you left off.  If you lost, it
     will start a new game.

tetriscurses
     This is a port of the above to zcurses.  The input handling is
     improved a bit so that moving a block sideways doesn't
     automatically advance a timestep, and the graphics use unicode
     block graphics.

     This version does not save the game state between invocations, and
     is not invoked as a widget, but rather as:


          autoload -U tetriscurses
          tetriscurses

zargs [ OPTION ... -- ] [ INPUT ... ] [ -- COMMAND [ ARG ... ] ]
     This function has a similar purpose to GNU xargs.  Instead of
     reading lines of arguments from the standard input, it takes them
     from the command line.  This is useful because zsh, especially
     with recursive glob operators, often can construct a command line
     for a shell function that is longer than can be accepted by an
     external command.

     The OPTION list represents options of the zargs command itself,
     which are the same as those of xargs.  The INPUT list is the
     collection of strings (often file names) that become the arguments
     of the command, analogous to the standard input of xargs.
     Finally, the ARG list consists of those arguments (usually
     options) that are passed to the COMMAND each time it runs.  The
     ARG list precedes the elements from the input list in each run.
     If no COMMAND is provided, then no ARG list may be provided, and
     in that event the default command is `print' with arguments `-r
     --'.

     For example, to get a long ls listing of all non-hidden plain files
     in the current directory or its subdirectories:


          autoload -U zargs
          zargs -- **/*(.) -- ls -ld --

     The first and third occurrences of `--' are used to mark the end
     of options for zargs and ls respectively to guard against
     filenames starting with `-', while the second is used to separate
     the list of files from the command to run (`ls -ld -').

     The first `--' would also be needed if there was a chance the list
     might be empty as in:


          zargs -r -- ./*.back(#qN) -- rm -f

     In the event that the string `--' is or may be an INPUT, the -e
     option may be used to change the end-of-inputs marker.  Note that
     this does _not_ change the end-of-options marker.  For example, to
     use `..' as the marker:


          zargs -e.. -- **/*(.) .. ls -ld --

     This is a good choice in that example because no plain file can be
     named `..', but the best end-marker depends on the circumstances.

     The options -i, -I, -l, -L, and -n differ slightly from their
     usage in xargs.  There are no input lines for zargs to count, so
     -l and -L count through the INPUT list, and -n counts the number
     of arguments passed to each execution of COMMAND, _including_ any
     ARG list.  Also, any time -i or -I is used, each INPUT is
     processed separately as if by `-L 1'.

     For details of the other zargs options, see man page xargs(1) (but
     note the difference in function between zargs and xargs) or run
     zargs with the --help option.

zed [ -f [ -x NUM ] ] NAME
zed -b
     This function uses the ZLE editor to edit a file or function.

     Only one NAME argument is allowed.  If the -f option is given, the
     name is taken to be that of a function; if the function is marked
     for autoloading, zed searches for it in the fpath and loads it.
     Note that functions edited this way are installed into the current
     shell, but _not_ written back to the autoload file.  In this case
     the -x option specifies that leading tabs indenting the function
     according to syntax should be converted into the given number of
     spaces; `-x 2' is consistent with the layout of functions
     distributed with the shell.

     Without -f, NAME is the path name of the file to edit, which need
     not exist; it is created on write, if necessary.

     While editing, the function sets the main keymap to zed and the vi
     command keymap to zed-vicmd.  These will be copied from the
     existing main and vicmd keymaps if they do not exist the first
     time zed is run.  They can be used to provide special key bindings
     used only in zed.

     If it creates the keymap, zed rebinds the return key to insert a
     line break and `^X^W' to accept the edit in the zed keymap, and
     binds `ZZ' to accept the edit in the zed-vicmd keymap.

     The bindings alone can be installed by running `zed -b'.  This is
     suitable for putting into a startup file.  Note that, if rerun,
     this will overwrite the existing zed and zed-vicmd keymaps.

     Completion is available, and styles may be set with the context
     prefix `:completion:zed'.

     A zle widget zed-set-file-name is available.  This can be called by
     name from within zed using `\ex zed-set-file-name' (note, however,
     that because of zed's rebindings you will have to type ^j at the
     end instead of the return key), or can be bound to a key in either
     of the zed or zed-vicmd keymaps after `zed -b' has been run.  When
     the widget is called, it prompts for a new name for the file being
     edited.  When zed exits the file will be written under that name
     and the original file will be left alone.  The widget has no
     effect with `zed -f'.

     While zed-set-file-name is running, zed uses the keymap
     zed-normal-keymap, which is linked from the main keymap in effect
     at the time zed initialised its bindings.  (This is to make the
     return key operate normally.)  The result is that if the main
     keymap has been changed, the widget won't notice.  This is not a
     concern for most users.

zcp [ -finqQvwW ] SRCPAT DEST
zln [ -finqQsvwW ] SRCPAT DEST
     Same as zmv -C and zmv -L, respectively.  These functions do not
     appear in the zsh distribution, but can be created by linking zmv
     to the names zcp and zln in some directory in your fpath.

zkbd
     See `Keyboard Definition' (*Note Utilities::).

zmv [ -finqQsvwW ] [ -C | -L | -M | -{p|P} PROGRAM ] [ -o OPTSTRING ]
    SRCPAT DEST
     Move (usually, rename) files matching the pattern SRCPAT to
     corresponding files having names of the form given by DEST, where
     SRCPAT contains parentheses surrounding patterns which will be
     replaced in turn by $1, $2, ... in DEST.  For example,


          zmv '(*).lis' '$1.txt'

     renames `foo.lis' to `foo.txt', `my.old.stuff.lis' to
     `my.old.stuff.txt', and so on.

     The pattern is always treated as an EXTENDED_GLOB pattern.  Any
     file whose name is not changed by the substitution is simply
     ignored.  Any error (a substitution resulted in an empty string,
     two substitutions gave the same result, the destination was an
     existing regular file and -f was not given) causes the entire
     function to abort without doing anything.

     In addition to pattern replacement, the variable $f can be
     referrred to in the second (replacement) argument.  This makes it
     possible to use variable substitution to alter the argument; see
     examples below.

     Options:


    -f
          Force overwriting of destination files.  Not currently passed
          down to the mv/cp/ln command due to vagaries of
          implementations (but you can use -o-f to do that).

    -i
          Interactive: show each line to be executed and ask the user
          whether to execute it.  `Y' or `y' will execute it, anything
          else will skip it.  Note that you just need to type one
          character.

    -n
          No execution: print what would happen, but don't do it.

    -q
          Turn bare glob qualifiers off: now assumed by default, so
          this has no effect.

    -Q
          Force bare glob qualifiers on.  Don't turn this on unless you
          are actually using glob qualifiers in a pattern.

    -s
          Symbolic, passed down to ln; only works with -L.

    -v
          Verbose: print each command as it's being executed.

    -w
          Pick out wildcard parts of the pattern, as described above,
          and implicitly add parentheses for referring to them.

    -W
          Just like -w, with the addition of turning wildcards in the
          replacement pattern into sequential ${1} .. ${N} references.

    -C
    -L
    -M
          Force cp, ln or mv, respectively, regardless of the name of
          the function.

    -p PROGRAM
          Call PROGRAM instead of cp, ln or mv.  Whatever it does, it
          should at least understand the form
               PROGRAM -- OLDNAME NEWNAME
          where OLDNAME and NEWNAME are filenames generated by zmv.
          PROGRAM will be split into words, so might be e.g. the name
          of an archive tool plus a copy or rename subcommand.

    -P PROGRAM
          As -p PROGRAM, except that PROGRAM does not accept a
          following -- to indicate the end of options.  In this case
          filenames must already be in a sane form for the program in
          question.

    -o OPTSTRING
          The OPTSTRING is split into words and passed down verbatim to
          the cp, ln or mv command called to perform the work.  It
          should probably begin with a `-'.

     Further examples:


          zmv -v '(* *)' '${1// /_}'

     For any file in the current directory with at least one space in
     the name, replace every space by an underscore and display the
     commands executed.


          zmv -v '* *' '${f// /_}'

     This does exactly the same by referring to the file name stored in
     $f.

     For more complete examples and other implementation details, see
     the zmv source file, usually located in one of the directories
     named in your fpath, or in Functions/Misc/zmv in the zsh
     distribution.

zrecompile
     See `Recompiling Functions' (*Note Utilities::).

zstyle+ CONTEXT STYLE VALUE [ + SUBCONTEXT STYLE VALUE ... ]
     This makes defining styles a bit simpler by using a single `+' as a
     special token that allows you to append a context name to the
     previously used context name.  Like this:


          zstyle+ ':foo:bar' STYLE1 VALUE1 \
                 +':baz'     STYLE2 VALUE2 \
                 +':frob'    STYLE3 VALUE3

     This defines STYLE1 with VALUE1 for the context :foo:bar as usual,
     but it also defines STYLE2 with VALUE2 for the context
     :foo:bar:baz and STYLE3 with VALUE3 for :foo:bar:frob.  Any
     SUBCONTEXT may be the empty string to re-use the first context
     unchanged.



26.12.2 Styles
--------------


insert-tab
     The zed function _sets_ this style in context `:completion:zed:*'
     to turn off completion when TAB is typed at the beginning of a
     line.  You may override this by setting your own value for this
     context and style.

pager
     The nslookup function looks up this style in the context
     `:nslookup' to determine the program used to display output that
     does not fit on a single screen.

prompt
rprompt
     The nslookup function looks up this style in the context
     `:nslookup' to set the prompt and the right-side prompt,
     respectively.  The usual expansions for the PS1 and RPS1
     parameters may be used (see *Note Prompt Expansion::).