path: root/devdocs/python~3.12/contents.html

 <h1>Python Documentation contents</h1>  <ul> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/index.html">What’s New in Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html">What’s New In Python 3.12</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-695-type-parameter-syntax">PEP 695: Type Parameter Syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-701-syntactic-formalization-of-f-strings">PEP 701: Syntactic formalization of f-strings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-684-a-per-interpreter-gil">PEP 684: A Per-Interpreter GIL</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-669-low-impact-monitoring-for-cpython">PEP 669: Low impact monitoring for CPython</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-688-making-the-buffer-protocol-accessible-in-python">PEP 688: Making the buffer protocol accessible in Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-709-comprehension-inlining">PEP 709: Comprehension inlining</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#improved-error-messages">Improved Error Messages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#new-features-related-to-type-hints">New Features Related to Type Hints</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-692-using-typeddict-for-more-precise-kwargs-typing">PEP 692: Using <code>TypedDict</code> for more precise <code>**kwargs</code> typing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#pep-698-override-decorator-for-static-typing">PEP 698: Override Decorator for Static Typing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#new-modules">New Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#array">array</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#calendar">calendar</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#csv">csv</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#dis">dis</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#fractions">fractions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#importlib-resources">importlib.resources</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#itertools">itertools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#math">math</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#os-path">os.path</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#pdb">pdb</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#random">random</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#shutil">shutil</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#statistics">statistics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#sys">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#tempfile">tempfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#threading">threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#tokenize">tokenize</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#types">types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#typing">typing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#unittest">unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#uuid">uuid</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#demos-and-tools">Demos and Tools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#pending-removal-in-python-3-13">Pending Removal in Python 3.13</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#pending-removal-in-python-3-14">Pending Removal in Python 3.14</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#pending-removal-in-python-3-15">Pending Removal in Python 3.15</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#pending-removal-in-future-versions">Pending Removal in Future Versions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#removed">Removed</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#asynchat-and-asyncore">asynchat and asyncore</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#configparser">configparser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#distutils">distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#ensurepip">ensurepip</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#enum">enum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#ftplib">ftplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#gzip">gzip</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#importlib">importlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#imp">imp</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#io">io</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#locale">locale</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#smtpd">smtpd</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#id2">sqlite3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#ssl">ssl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#id3">unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#webbrowser">webbrowser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#xml-etree-elementtree">xml.etree.ElementTree</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#zipimport">zipimport</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#others">Others</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#porting-to-python-3-12">Porting to Python 3.12</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#id4">New Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#id5">Porting to Python 3.12</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#id6">Deprecated</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#id7">Pending Removal in Python 3.14</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#id8">Pending Removal in Python 3.15</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#id9">Pending Removal in Future Versions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#id10">Removed</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html">What’s New In Python 3.11</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-657-fine-grained-error-locations-in-tracebacks">PEP 657: Fine-grained error locations in tracebacks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-654-exception-groups-and-except">PEP 654: Exception Groups and <code>except*</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-678-exceptions-can-be-enriched-with-notes">PEP 678: Exceptions can be enriched with notes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#windows-py-exe-launcher-improvements">Windows <code>py.exe</code> launcher improvements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#new-features-related-to-type-hints">New Features Related to Type Hints</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-646-variadic-generics">PEP 646: Variadic generics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-655-marking-individual-typeddict-items-as-required-or-not-required">PEP 655: Marking individual <code>TypedDict</code> items as required or not-required</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-673-self-type">PEP 673: <code>Self</code> type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-675-arbitrary-literal-string-type">PEP 675: Arbitrary literal string type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-681-data-class-transforms">PEP 681: Data class transforms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-563-may-not-be-the-future">PEP 563 may not be the future</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#other-cpython-implementation-changes">Other CPython Implementation Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#new-modules">New Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#dataclasses">dataclasses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#datetime">datetime</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#enum">enum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#fcntl">fcntl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#fractions">fractions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#functools">functools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-idle">IDLE and idlelib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#locale">locale</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#logging">logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#math">math</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#operator">operator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#re">re</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#shutil">shutil</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#socket">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#string">string</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#sys">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#sysconfig">sysconfig</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#tempfile">tempfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#threading">threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#time">time</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#traceback">traceback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#typing">typing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#unittest">unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#venv">venv</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#warnings">warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#faster-cpython">Faster CPython</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#faster-startup">Faster Startup</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#frozen-imports-static-code-objects">Frozen imports / Static code objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#faster-runtime">Faster Runtime</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#cheaper-lazy-python-frames">Cheaper, lazy Python frames</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#inlined-python-function-calls">Inlined Python function calls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#pep-659-specializing-adaptive-interpreter">PEP 659: Specializing Adaptive Interpreter</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#misc">Misc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#faq">FAQ</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#how-should-i-write-my-code-to-utilize-these-speedups">How should I write my code to utilize these speedups?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#will-cpython-3-11-use-more-memory">Will CPython 3.11 use more memory?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#i-don-t-see-any-speedups-in-my-workload-why">I don’t see any speedups in my workload. Why?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#is-there-a-jit-compiler">Is there a JIT compiler?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#about">About</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#new-opcodes">New opcodes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#replaced-opcodes">Replaced opcodes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#changed-removed-opcodes">Changed/removed opcodes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#language-builtins">Language/Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#modules">Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#standard-library">Standard Library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#pending-removal-in-python-3-12">Pending Removal in Python 3.12</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#removed">Removed</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#porting-to-python-3-11">Porting to Python 3.11</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-c-api-new-features">New Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-c-api-porting">Porting to Python 3.11</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-c-api-deprecated">Deprecated</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-c-api-pending-removal">Pending Removal in Python 3.12</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.11.html#whatsnew311-c-api-removed">Removed</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html">What’s New In Python 3.10</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#parenthesized-context-managers">Parenthesized context managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#better-error-messages">Better error messages</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#syntaxerrors">SyntaxErrors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#indentationerrors">IndentationErrors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#attributeerrors">AttributeErrors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#nameerrors">NameErrors</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-626-precise-line-numbers-for-debugging-and-other-tools">PEP 626: Precise line numbers for debugging and other tools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-634-structural-pattern-matching">PEP 634: Structural Pattern Matching</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#syntax-and-operations">Syntax and operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#declarative-approach">Declarative approach</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#simple-pattern-match-to-a-literal">Simple pattern: match to a literal</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#behavior-without-the-wildcard">Behavior without the wildcard</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#patterns-with-a-literal-and-variable">Patterns with a literal and variable</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#patterns-and-classes">Patterns and classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#patterns-with-positional-parameters">Patterns with positional parameters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#nested-patterns">Nested patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#complex-patterns-and-the-wildcard">Complex patterns and the wildcard</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#guard">Guard</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#other-key-features">Other Key Features</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#optional-encodingwarning-and-encoding-locale-option">Optional <code>EncodingWarning</code> and <code>encoding="locale"</code> option</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#new-features-related-to-type-hints">New Features Related to Type Hints</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-604-new-type-union-operator">PEP 604: New Type Union Operator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-612-parameter-specification-variables">PEP 612: Parameter Specification Variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-613-typealias">PEP 613: TypeAlias</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-647-user-defined-type-guards">PEP 647: User-Defined Type Guards</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#new-modules">New Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#argparse">argparse</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#array">array</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#asynchat-asyncore-smtpd">asynchat, asyncore, smtpd</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#base64">base64</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#bdb">bdb</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#bisect">bisect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#codecs">codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#collections-abc">collections.abc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#curses">curses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#dataclasses">dataclasses</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#slots">__slots__</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#keyword-only-fields">Keyword-only fields</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#distutils">distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#doctest">doctest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#encodings">encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#enum">enum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#fileinput">fileinput</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#gc">gc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#glob">glob</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#hmac">hmac</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#idle-and-idlelib">IDLE and idlelib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#importlib-metadata">importlib.metadata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#itertools">itertools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#linecache">linecache</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#os-path">os.path</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#platform">platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#pprint">pprint</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#py-compile">py_compile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#pyclbr">pyclbr</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#shelve">shelve</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#statistics">statistics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#site">site</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#socket">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#ssl">ssl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#sys">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#thread">_thread</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#threading">threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#traceback">traceback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#types">types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#typing">typing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#unittest">unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#xml">xml</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#zipimport">zipimport</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#removed">Removed</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#porting-to-python-3-10">Porting to Python 3.10</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#changes-in-the-python-syntax">Changes in the Python syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#pep-652-maintaining-the-stable-abi">PEP 652: Maintaining the Stable ABI</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#id1">New Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#id2">Porting to Python 3.10</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#id3">Deprecated</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.10.html#id4">Removed</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html">What’s New In Python 3.9</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#you-should-check-for-deprecationwarning-in-your-code">You should check for DeprecationWarning in your code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#dictionary-merge-update-operators">Dictionary Merge &amp; Update Operators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#new-string-methods-to-remove-prefixes-and-suffixes">New String Methods to Remove Prefixes and Suffixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#type-hinting-generics-in-standard-collections">Type Hinting Generics in Standard Collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#new-parser">New Parser</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#zoneinfo">zoneinfo</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#graphlib">graphlib</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#ast">ast</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#compileall">compileall</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#curses">curses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#datetime">datetime</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#distutils">distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#fcntl">fcntl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#ftplib">ftplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#gc">gc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#http">http</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#idle-and-idlelib">IDLE and idlelib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#importlib">importlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#math">math</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#nntplib">nntplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#pdb">pdb</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#poplib">poplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#pprint">pprint</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#random">random</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#signal">signal</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#socket">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#time">time</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#sys">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#typing">typing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#venv">venv</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#xml">xml</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#removed">Removed</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#porting-to-python-3-9">Porting to Python 3.9</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#id1">New Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#id2">Porting to Python 3.9</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#id3">Removed</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-9-1">Notable changes in Python 3.9.1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#id4">typing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#macos-11-0-big-sur-and-apple-silicon-mac-support">macOS 11.0 (Big Sur) and Apple Silicon Mac support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-9-2">Notable changes in Python 3.9.2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#collections-abc">collections.abc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.9.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html">What’s New In Python 3.8</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#assignment-expressions">Assignment expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#positional-only-parameters">Positional-only parameters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#parallel-filesystem-cache-for-compiled-bytecode-files">Parallel filesystem cache for compiled bytecode files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#debug-build-uses-the-same-abi-as-release-build">Debug build uses the same ABI as release build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#f-strings-support-for-self-documenting-expressions-and-debugging">f-strings support <code>=</code> for self-documenting expressions and debugging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-578-python-runtime-audit-hooks">PEP 578: Python Runtime Audit Hooks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-587-python-initialization-configuration">PEP 587: Python Initialization Configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#pep-590-vectorcall-a-fast-calling-protocol-for-cpython">PEP 590: Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#pickle-protocol-5-with-out-of-band-data-buffers">Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data buffers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#new-modules">New Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#ast">ast</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#builtins">builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#collections">collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#cprofile">cProfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#csv">csv</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#curses">curses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#ctypes">ctypes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#datetime">datetime</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#functools">functools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#gc">gc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#gettext">gettext</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#gzip">gzip</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#idle-and-idlelib">IDLE and idlelib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#io">io</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#itertools">itertools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#json-tool">json.tool</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#logging">logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#math">math</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#mmap">mmap</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#os-path">os.path</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#pickle">pickle</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#plistlib">plistlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#pprint">pprint</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#py-compile">py_compile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#shlex">shlex</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#shutil">shutil</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#socket">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#ssl">ssl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#statistics">statistics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#sys">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#threading">threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#tokenize">tokenize</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#time">time</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#typing">typing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#unittest">unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#venv">venv</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#weakref">weakref</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#xml">xml</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#xmlrpc">xmlrpc</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#porting-to-python-3-8">Porting to Python 3.8</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-python-behavior">Changes in Python behavior</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#demos-and-tools">Demos and Tools</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-1">Notable changes in Python 3.8.1</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-8">Notable changes in Python 3.8.8</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.8.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-8-12">Notable changes in Python 3.8.12</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html">What’s New In Python 3.7</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release Highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-563-postponed-evaluation-of-annotations">PEP 563: Postponed Evaluation of Annotations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-538-legacy-c-locale-coercion">PEP 538: Legacy C Locale Coercion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-540-forced-utf-8-runtime-mode">PEP 540: Forced UTF-8 Runtime Mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-553-built-in-breakpoint">PEP 553: Built-in <code>breakpoint()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-539-new-c-api-for-thread-local-storage">PEP 539: New C API for Thread-Local Storage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-562-customization-of-access-to-module-attributes">PEP 562: Customization of Access to Module Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-564-new-time-functions-with-nanosecond-resolution">PEP 564: New Time Functions With Nanosecond Resolution</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-565-show-deprecationwarning-in-main">PEP 565: Show DeprecationWarning in <code>__main__</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-560-core-support-for-typing-module-and-generic-types">PEP 560: Core Support for <code>typing</code> module and Generic Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-552-hash-based-pyc-files">PEP 552: Hash-based .pyc Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#pep-545-python-documentation-translations">PEP 545: Python Documentation Translations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#python-development-mode-x-dev">Python Development Mode (-X dev)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#contextvars">contextvars</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#dataclasses">dataclasses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#importlib-resources">importlib.resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#argparse">argparse</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#binascii">binascii</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#calendar">calendar</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#collections">collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#compileall">compileall</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#cprofile">cProfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#crypt">crypt</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#datetime">datetime</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#dbm">dbm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#decimal">decimal</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#dis">dis</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#distutils">distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#enum">enum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#functools">functools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#gc">gc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#hmac">hmac</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#http-client">http.client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#http-server">http.server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#importlib">importlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#io">io</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#itertools">itertools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#locale">locale</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#logging">logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#math">math</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#mimetypes">mimetypes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#msilib">msilib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#pdb">pdb</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#py-compile">py_compile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#queue">queue</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#re">re</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#signal">signal</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#socket">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#socketserver">socketserver</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#ssl">ssl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#string">string</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#sys">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#time">time</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#types">types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#unittest">unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#unittest-mock">unittest.mock</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#uu">uu</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#uuid">uuid</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#warnings">warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#xml-etree">xml.etree</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#xmlrpc-server">xmlrpc.server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#zipapp">zipapp</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#c-api-changes">C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#build-changes">Build Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#other-cpython-implementation-changes">Other CPython Implementation Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#deprecated-python-behavior">Deprecated Python Behavior</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#aifc">aifc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#whatsnew37-asyncio-deprecated">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#id3">collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#id4">dbm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#id5">enum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#gettext">gettext</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#id6">importlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#id7">locale</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#macpath">macpath</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#threading">threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#id8">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#id9">ssl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#sunau">sunau</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#id10">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#wave">wave</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#deprecated-functions-and-types-of-the-c-api">Deprecated functions and types of the C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#platform-support-removals">Platform Support Removals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#module-removals">Module Removals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#windows-only-changes">Windows-only Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#porting-to-python-3-7">Porting to Python 3.7</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#changes-in-python-behavior">Changes in Python Behavior</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#id12">Windows-only Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#id13">Other CPython implementation changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-1">Notable changes in Python 3.7.1</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-2">Notable changes in Python 3.7.2</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-6">Notable changes in Python 3.7.6</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.7.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-7-10">Notable changes in Python 3.7.10</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html">What’s New In Python 3.6</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-498-formatted-string-literals">PEP 498: Formatted string literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-526-syntax-for-variable-annotations">PEP 526: Syntax for variable annotations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-515-underscores-in-numeric-literals">PEP 515: Underscores in Numeric Literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-525-asynchronous-generators">PEP 525: Asynchronous Generators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-530-asynchronous-comprehensions">PEP 530: Asynchronous Comprehensions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-487-simpler-customization-of-class-creation">PEP 487: Simpler customization of class creation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-487-descriptor-protocol-enhancements">PEP 487: Descriptor Protocol Enhancements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-519-adding-a-file-system-path-protocol">PEP 519: Adding a file system path protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-495-local-time-disambiguation">PEP 495: Local Time Disambiguation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-529-change-windows-filesystem-encoding-to-utf-8">PEP 529: Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-528-change-windows-console-encoding-to-utf-8">PEP 528: Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-520-preserving-class-attribute-definition-order">PEP 520: Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-468-preserving-keyword-argument-order">PEP 468: Preserving Keyword Argument Order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#new-dict-implementation">New <span class="xref std std-ref">dict</span> implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pep-523-adding-a-frame-evaluation-api-to-cpython">PEP 523: Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pythonmalloc-environment-variable">PYTHONMALLOC environment variable</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#dtrace-and-systemtap-probing-support">DTrace and SystemTap probing support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#secrets">secrets</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#array">array</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#ast">ast</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#binascii">binascii</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#cmath">cmath</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#collections">collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#datetime">datetime</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#decimal">decimal</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#distutils">distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#email">email</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#encodings">encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#enum">enum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#fileinput">fileinput</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#http-client">http.client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#importlib">importlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#json">json</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#logging">logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#math">math</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pdb">pdb</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pickle">pickle</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pickletools">pickletools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#random">random</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#re">re</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#readline">readline</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#rlcompleter">rlcompleter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#shlex">shlex</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#site">site</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#socket">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#socketserver">socketserver</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#ssl">ssl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#statistics">statistics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#struct">struct</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#sys">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#telnetlib">telnetlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#time">time</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#timeit">timeit</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#traceback">traceback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#typing">typing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#unittest-mock">unittest.mock</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#urllib-request">urllib.request</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#urllib-robotparser">urllib.robotparser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#venv">venv</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#warnings">warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#winreg">winreg</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#winsound">winsound</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#xmlrpc-client">xmlrpc.client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#zlib">zlib</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#other-improvements">Other Improvements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#new-keywords">New Keywords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-python-behavior">Deprecated Python behavior</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#asynchat">asynchat</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#asyncore">asyncore</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#dbm">dbm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#id2">distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#grp">grp</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#id3">importlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#id4">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#id5">re</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#id6">ssl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#id7">tkinter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#whatsnew36-venv">venv</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-functions-and-types-of-the-c-api">Deprecated functions and types of the C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#deprecated-build-options">Deprecated Build Options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#removed">Removed</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#porting-to-python-3-6">Porting to Python 3.6</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-python-command-behavior">Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#cpython-bytecode-changes">CPython bytecode changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-2">Notable changes in Python 3.6.2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#new-make-regen-all-build-target">New <code>make regen-all</code> build target</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#removal-of-make-touch-build-target">Removal of <code>make touch</code> build target</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-4">Notable changes in Python 3.6.4</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-5">Notable changes in Python 3.6.5</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-7">Notable changes in Python 3.6.7</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-10">Notable changes in Python 3.6.10</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.6.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-6-13">Notable changes in Python 3.6.13</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html">What’s New In Python 3.5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-492-coroutines-with-async-and-await-syntax">PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-465-a-dedicated-infix-operator-for-matrix-multiplication">PEP 465 - A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-448-additional-unpacking-generalizations">PEP 448 - Additional Unpacking Generalizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-461-percent-formatting-support-for-bytes-and-bytearray">PEP 461 - percent formatting support for bytes and bytearray</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-484-type-hints">PEP 484 - Type Hints</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-471-os-scandir-function-a-better-and-faster-directory-iterator">PEP 471 - os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-475-retry-system-calls-failing-with-eintr">PEP 475: Retry system calls failing with EINTR</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-479-change-stopiteration-handling-inside-generators">PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-485-a-function-for-testing-approximate-equality">PEP 485: A function for testing approximate equality</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-486-make-the-python-launcher-aware-of-virtual-environments">PEP 486: Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-488-elimination-of-pyo-files">PEP 488: Elimination of PYO files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#pep-489-multi-phase-extension-module-initialization">PEP 489: Multi-phase extension module initialization</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#typing">typing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#zipapp">zipapp</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#argparse">argparse</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#bz2">bz2</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#cgi">cgi</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#cmath">cmath</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#code">code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#collections">collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#collections-abc">collections.abc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#compileall">compileall</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#concurrent-futures">concurrent.futures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#configparser">configparser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#csv">csv</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#curses">curses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#dbm">dbm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#difflib">difflib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#distutils">distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#doctest">doctest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#email">email</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#enum">enum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#functools">functools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#glob">glob</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#gzip">gzip</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#heapq">heapq</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#http">http</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#http-client">http.client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#imghdr">imghdr</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#importlib">importlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#io">io</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#json">json</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#linecache">linecache</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#locale">locale</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#logging">logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#lzma">lzma</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#math">math</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#operator">operator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#pickle">pickle</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#poplib">poplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#re">re</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#readline">readline</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#selectors">selectors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#shutil">shutil</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#signal">signal</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#smtpd">smtpd</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#sndhdr">sndhdr</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#socket">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#ssl">ssl</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#memory-bio-support">Memory BIO Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#application-layer-protocol-negotiation-support">Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#other-changes">Other Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#sys">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#sysconfig">sysconfig</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#threading">threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#time">time</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#timeit">timeit</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#tkinter">tkinter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#traceback">traceback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#types">types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#unicodedata">unicodedata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#unittest">unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#unittest-mock">unittest.mock</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#urllib">urllib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#wsgiref">wsgiref</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#xmlrpc">xmlrpc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#xml-sax">xml.sax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#other-module-level-changes">Other module-level changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#new-keywords">New Keywords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated-python-behavior">Deprecated Python Behavior</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#unsupported-operating-systems">Unsupported Operating Systems</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#removed">Removed</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#porting-to-python-3-5">Porting to Python 3.5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-python-behavior">Changes in Python behavior</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#notable-changes-in-python-3-5-4">Notable changes in Python 3.5.4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#new-make-regen-all-build-target">New <code>make regen-all</code> build target</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.5.html#removal-of-make-touch-build-target">Removal of <code>make touch</code> build target</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html">What’s New In Python 3.4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release Highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#new-features">New Features</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-453-explicit-bootstrapping-of-pip-in-python-installations">PEP 453: Explicit Bootstrapping of PIP in Python Installations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#bootstrapping-pip-by-default">Bootstrapping pip By Default</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#documentation-changes">Documentation Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-446-newly-created-file-descriptors-are-non-inheritable">PEP 446: Newly Created File Descriptors Are Non-Inheritable</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#improvements-to-codec-handling">Improvements to Codec Handling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-451-a-modulespec-type-for-the-import-system">PEP 451: A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#asyncio">asyncio</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#ensurepip">ensurepip</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#enum">enum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#pathlib">pathlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#selectors">selectors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#statistics">statistics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#tracemalloc">tracemalloc</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#abc">abc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#aifc">aifc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#argparse">argparse</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#audioop">audioop</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#base64">base64</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#collections">collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#colorsys">colorsys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#dbm">dbm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#dis">dis</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#doctest">doctest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#email">email</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#filecmp">filecmp</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#functools">functools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#gc">gc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#glob">glob</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#hmac">hmac</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#html">html</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#http">http</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#idlelib-and-idle">idlelib and IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#importlib">importlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#logging">logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#marshal">marshal</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#mmap">mmap</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#operator">operator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#pdb">pdb</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#pickle">pickle</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#plistlib">plistlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#poplib">poplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#pprint">pprint</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#pty">pty</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#re">re</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#resource">resource</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#select">select</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#shelve">shelve</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#shutil">shutil</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#smtpd">smtpd</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#socket">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#ssl">ssl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#stat">stat</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#struct">struct</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#sunau">sunau</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#sys">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#textwrap">textwrap</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#threading">threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#traceback">traceback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#types">types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#urllib">urllib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#unittest">unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#venv">venv</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#wave">wave</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#weakref">weakref</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#xml-etree">xml.etree</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#zipfile">zipfile</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#cpython-implementation-changes">CPython Implementation Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-445-customization-of-cpython-memory-allocators">PEP 445: Customization of CPython Memory Allocators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-442-safe-object-finalization">PEP 442: Safe Object Finalization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-456-secure-and-interchangeable-hash-algorithm">PEP 456: Secure and Interchangeable Hash Algorithm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-436-argument-clinic">PEP 436: Argument Clinic</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#other-build-and-c-api-changes">Other Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#other-improvements">Other Improvements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#significant-optimizations">Significant Optimizations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#deprecations-in-the-python-api">Deprecations in the Python API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#deprecated-features">Deprecated Features</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#removed">Removed</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#operating-systems-no-longer-supported">Operating Systems No Longer Supported</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#api-and-feature-removals">API and Feature Removals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#code-cleanups">Code Cleanups</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#porting-to-python-3-4">Porting to Python 3.4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#changes-in-python-command-behavior">Changes in ‘python’ Command Behavior</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#changes-in-the-python-api">Changes in the Python API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#changes-in-the-c-api">Changes in the C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#changed-in-3-4-3">Changed in 3.4.3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.4.html#pep-476-enabling-certificate-verification-by-default-for-stdlib-http-clients">PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html">What’s New In Python 3.3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#summary-release-highlights">Summary – Release highlights</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-405-virtual-environments">PEP 405: Virtual Environments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-420-implicit-namespace-packages">PEP 420: Implicit Namespace Packages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-3118-new-memoryview-implementation-and-buffer-protocol-documentation">PEP 3118: New memoryview implementation and buffer protocol documentation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#features">Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#api-changes">API changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-393-flexible-string-representation">PEP 393: Flexible String Representation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#functionality">Functionality</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#performance-and-resource-usage">Performance and resource usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-397-python-launcher-for-windows">PEP 397: Python Launcher for Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-3151-reworking-the-os-and-io-exception-hierarchy">PEP 3151: Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-380-syntax-for-delegating-to-a-subgenerator">PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-409-suppressing-exception-context">PEP 409: Suppressing exception context</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-414-explicit-unicode-literals">PEP 414: Explicit Unicode literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-3155-qualified-name-for-classes-and-functions">PEP 3155: Qualified name for classes and functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-412-key-sharing-dictionary">PEP 412: Key-Sharing Dictionary</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-362-function-signature-object">PEP 362: Function Signature Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#pep-421-adding-sys-implementation">PEP 421: Adding sys.implementation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#simplenamespace">SimpleNamespace</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#using-importlib-as-the-implementation-of-import">Using importlib as the Implementation of Import</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#new-apis">New APIs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#visible-changes">Visible Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#a-finer-grained-import-lock">A Finer-Grained Import Lock</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#builtin-functions-and-types">Builtin functions and types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#new-modules">New Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#faulthandler">faulthandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#ipaddress">ipaddress</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#lzma">lzma</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#improved-modules">Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#abc">abc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#array">array</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#base64">base64</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#binascii">binascii</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#bz2">bz2</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#codecs">codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#collections">collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#crypt">crypt</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#curses">curses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#datetime">datetime</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#decimal">decimal</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#id1">Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#id2">API changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#email">email</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#policy-framework">Policy Framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#provisional-policy-with-new-header-api">Provisional Policy with New Header API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#other-api-changes">Other API Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#ftplib">ftplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#functools">functools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#gc">gc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#hmac">hmac</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#http">http</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#html">html</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#io">io</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#itertools">itertools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#logging">logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#math">math</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#mmap">mmap</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#multiprocessing">multiprocessing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#nntplib">nntplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#pdb">pdb</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#pickle">pickle</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#re">re</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#sched">sched</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#select">select</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#shlex">shlex</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#shutil">shutil</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#signal">signal</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#smtpd">smtpd</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#smtplib">smtplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#socket">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#socketserver">socketserver</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#ssl">ssl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#stat">stat</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#struct">struct</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#subprocess">subprocess</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#sys">sys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#tempfile">tempfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#textwrap">textwrap</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#threading">threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#time">time</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#types">types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#unittest">unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#urllib">urllib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#webbrowser">webbrowser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#xml-etree-elementtree">xml.etree.ElementTree</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#zlib">zlib</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated">Deprecated</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#unsupported-operating-systems">Unsupported Operating Systems</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated-python-modules-functions-and-methods">Deprecated Python modules, functions and methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated-functions-and-types-of-the-c-api">Deprecated functions and types of the C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#deprecated-features">Deprecated features</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#porting-to-python-3-3">Porting to Python 3.3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#porting-python-code">Porting Python code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#porting-c-code">Porting C code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#building-c-extensions">Building C extensions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.3.html#command-line-switch-changes">Command Line Switch Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html">What’s New In Python 3.2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-384-defining-a-stable-abi">PEP 384: Defining a Stable ABI</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-389-argparse-command-line-parsing-module">PEP 389: Argparse Command Line Parsing Module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-391-dictionary-based-configuration-for-logging">PEP 391: Dictionary Based Configuration for Logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3148-the-concurrent-futures-module">PEP 3148: The <code>concurrent.futures</code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3147-pyc-repository-directories">PEP 3147: PYC Repository Directories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3149-abi-version-tagged-so-files">PEP 3149: ABI Version Tagged .so Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#pep-3333-python-web-server-gateway-interface-v1-0-1">PEP 3333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#email">email</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#elementtree">elementtree</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#functools">functools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#itertools">itertools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#collections">collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#threading">threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#datetime-and-time">datetime and time</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#math">math</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#abc">abc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#io">io</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#reprlib">reprlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#logging">logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#csv">csv</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#contextlib">contextlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#decimal-and-fractions">decimal and fractions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#ftp">ftp</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#popen">popen</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#select">select</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#gzip-and-zipfile">gzip and zipfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#tarfile">tarfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#hashlib">hashlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#ast">ast</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#os">os</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#shutil">shutil</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#sqlite3">sqlite3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#html">html</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#socket">socket</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#ssl">ssl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#nntp">nntp</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#certificates">certificates</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#imaplib">imaplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#http-client">http.client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#unittest">unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#random">random</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#poplib">poplib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#asyncore">asyncore</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#tempfile">tempfile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#inspect">inspect</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#pydoc">pydoc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#dis">dis</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#dbm">dbm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#ctypes">ctypes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#site">site</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#sysconfig">sysconfig</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#pdb">pdb</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#configparser">configparser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#urllib-parse">urllib.parse</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#mailbox">mailbox</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#turtledemo">turtledemo</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#multi-threading">Multi-threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#idle">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#code-repository">Code Repository</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.2.html#porting-to-python-3-2">Porting to Python 3.2</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.1.html">What’s New In Python 3.1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.1.html#pep-372-ordered-dictionaries">PEP 372: Ordered Dictionaries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.1.html#pep-378-format-specifier-for-thousands-separator">PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.1.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.1.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.1.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.1.html#idle">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.1.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.1.html#porting-to-python-3-1">Porting to Python 3.1</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html">What’s New In Python 3.0</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#common-stumbling-blocks">Common Stumbling Blocks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#print-is-a-function">Print Is A Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#views-and-iterators-instead-of-lists">Views And Iterators Instead Of Lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#ordering-comparisons">Ordering Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#integers">Integers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#text-vs-data-instead-of-unicode-vs-8-bit">Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#overview-of-syntax-changes">Overview Of Syntax Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#new-syntax">New Syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#changed-syntax">Changed Syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#removed-syntax">Removed Syntax</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#changes-already-present-in-python-2-6">Changes Already Present In Python 2.6</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#library-changes">Library Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#pep-3101-a-new-approach-to-string-formatting"><strong>PEP 3101</strong>: A New Approach To String Formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#changes-to-exceptions">Changes To Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#miscellaneous-other-changes">Miscellaneous Other Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#operators-and-special-methods">Operators And Special Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#builtins">Builtins</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#performance">Performance</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.0.html#porting-to-python-3-0">Porting To Python 3.0</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html">What’s New in Python 2.7</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#the-future-for-python-2-x">The Future for Python 2.x</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#changes-to-the-handling-of-deprecation-warnings">Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#python-3-1-features">Python 3.1 Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-372-adding-an-ordered-dictionary-to-collections">PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-378-format-specifier-for-thousands-separator">PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-389-the-argparse-module-for-parsing-command-lines">PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-391-dictionary-based-configuration-for-logging">PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-3106-dictionary-views">PEP 3106: Dictionary Views</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-3137-the-memoryview-object">PEP 3137: The memoryview Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#interpreter-changes">Interpreter Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#new-module-importlib">New module: importlib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#new-module-sysconfig">New module: sysconfig</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#ttk-themed-widgets-for-tk">ttk: Themed Widgets for Tk</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#updated-module-unittest">Updated module: unittest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#updated-module-elementtree-1-3">Updated module: ElementTree 1.3</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#capsules">Capsules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-windows">Port-Specific Changes: Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-mac-os-x">Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#port-specific-changes-freebsd">Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#porting-to-python-2-7">Porting to Python 2.7</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#new-features-added-to-python-2-7-maintenance-releases">New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#two-new-environment-variables-for-debug-mode">Two new environment variables for debug mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-434-idle-enhancement-exception-for-all-branches">PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-466-network-security-enhancements-for-python-2-7">PEP 466: Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-477-backport-ensurepip-pep-453-to-python-2-7">PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#bootstrapping-pip-by-default">Bootstrapping pip By Default</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#documentation-changes">Documentation Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-476-enabling-certificate-verification-by-default-for-stdlib-http-clients">PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#pep-493-https-verification-migration-tools-for-python-2-7">PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#new-make-regen-all-build-target">New <code>make regen-all</code> build target</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#removal-of-make-touch-build-target">Removal of <code>make touch</code> build target</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.7.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html">What’s New in Python 2.6</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#python-3-0">Python 3.0</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#changes-to-the-development-process">Changes to the Development Process</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#new-issue-tracker-roundup">New Issue Tracker: Roundup</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#new-documentation-format-restructuredtext-using-sphinx">New Documentation Format: reStructuredText Using Sphinx</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-343-the-with-statement">PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#writing-context-managers">Writing Context Managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#the-contextlib-module">The contextlib module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-366-explicit-relative-imports-from-a-main-module">PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-370-per-user-site-packages-directory">PEP 370: Per-user <code>site-packages</code> Directory</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-371-the-multiprocessing-package">PEP 371: The <code>multiprocessing</code> Package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3101-advanced-string-formatting">PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3105-print-as-a-function">PEP 3105: <code>print</code> As a Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3110-exception-handling-changes">PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3112-byte-literals">PEP 3112: Byte Literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3116-new-i-o-library">PEP 3116: New I/O Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3118-revised-buffer-protocol">PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3119-abstract-base-classes">PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3127-integer-literal-support-and-syntax">PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3129-class-decorators">PEP 3129: Class Decorators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#pep-3141-a-type-hierarchy-for-numbers">PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#the-fractions-module">The <code>fractions</code> Module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#interpreter-changes">Interpreter Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#the-ast-module">The <code>ast</code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#the-future-builtins-module">The <code>future_builtins</code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#the-json-module-javascript-object-notation">The <code>json</code> module: JavaScript Object Notation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#the-plistlib-module-a-property-list-parser">The <code>plistlib</code> module: A Property-List Parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#ctypes-enhancements">ctypes Enhancements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#improved-ssl-support">Improved SSL Support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#deprecations-and-removals">Deprecations and Removals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-windows">Port-Specific Changes: Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-mac-os-x">Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#port-specific-changes-irix">Port-Specific Changes: IRIX</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#porting-to-python-2-6">Porting to Python 2.6</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.6.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html">What’s New in Python 2.5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-308-conditional-expressions">PEP 308: Conditional Expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-309-partial-function-application">PEP 309: Partial Function Application</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-314-metadata-for-python-software-packages-v1-1">PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-328-absolute-and-relative-imports">PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-338-executing-modules-as-scripts">PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-341-unified-try-except-finally">PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-342-new-generator-features">PEP 342: New Generator Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-343-the-with-statement">PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#writing-context-managers">Writing Context Managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#the-contextlib-module">The contextlib module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-352-exceptions-as-new-style-classes">PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-353-using-ssize-t-as-the-index-type">PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#pep-357-the-index-method">PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#interactive-interpreter-changes">Interactive Interpreter Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#new-improved-and-removed-modules">New, Improved, and Removed Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#the-ctypes-package">The ctypes package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#the-elementtree-package">The ElementTree package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#the-hashlib-package">The hashlib package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#the-sqlite3-package">The sqlite3 package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#the-wsgiref-package">The wsgiref package</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#porting-to-python-2-5">Porting to Python 2.5</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.5.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html">What’s New in Python 2.4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-218-built-in-set-objects">PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-237-unifying-long-integers-and-integers">PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-289-generator-expressions">PEP 289: Generator Expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-292-simpler-string-substitutions">PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-318-decorators-for-functions-and-methods">PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-322-reverse-iteration">PEP 322: Reverse Iteration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-324-new-subprocess-module">PEP 324: New subprocess Module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-327-decimal-data-type">PEP 327: Decimal Data Type</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#why-is-decimal-needed">Why is Decimal needed?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#the-decimal-type">The <code>Decimal</code> type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#the-context-type">The <code>Context</code> type</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-328-multi-line-imports">PEP 328: Multi-line Imports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#pep-331-locale-independent-float-string-conversions">PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#cookielib">cookielib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#doctest">doctest</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#porting-to-python-2-4">Porting to Python 2.4</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.4.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html">What’s New in Python 2.3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-218-a-standard-set-datatype">PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-255-simple-generators">PEP 255: Simple Generators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-263-source-code-encodings">PEP 263: Source Code Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-273-importing-modules-from-zip-archives">PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-277-unicode-file-name-support-for-windows-nt">PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-278-universal-newline-support">PEP 278: Universal Newline Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-279-enumerate">PEP 279: enumerate()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-282-the-logging-package">PEP 282: The logging Package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-285-a-boolean-type">PEP 285: A Boolean Type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-293-codec-error-handling-callbacks">PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-301-package-index-and-metadata-for-distutils">PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-302-new-import-hooks">PEP 302: New Import Hooks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-305-comma-separated-files">PEP 305: Comma-separated Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#pep-307-pickle-enhancements">PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#extended-slices">Extended Slices</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#string-changes">String Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#optimizations">Optimizations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#date-time-type">Date/Time Type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#the-optparse-module">The optparse Module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#pymalloc-a-specialized-object-allocator">Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#port-specific-changes">Port-Specific Changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#porting-to-python-2-3">Porting to Python 2.3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.3.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html">What’s New in Python 2.2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html#peps-252-and-253-type-and-class-changes">PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html#old-and-new-classes">Old and New Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html#descriptors">Descriptors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html#multiple-inheritance-the-diamond-rule">Multiple Inheritance: The Diamond Rule</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html#attribute-access">Attribute Access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html#related-links">Related Links</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-234-iterators">PEP 234: Iterators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-255-simple-generators">PEP 255: Simple Generators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-237-unifying-long-integers-and-integers">PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-238-changing-the-division-operator">PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html#unicode-changes">Unicode Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html#pep-227-nested-scopes">PEP 227: Nested Scopes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html#interpreter-changes-and-fixes">Interpreter Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.2.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.1.html">What’s New in Python 2.1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.1.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-227-nested-scopes">PEP 227: Nested Scopes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-236-future-directives">PEP 236: __future__ Directives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-207-rich-comparisons">PEP 207: Rich Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-230-warning-framework">PEP 230: Warning Framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-229-new-build-system">PEP 229: New Build System</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-205-weak-references">PEP 205: Weak References</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-232-function-attributes">PEP 232: Function Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-235-importing-modules-on-case-insensitive-platforms">PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-217-interactive-display-hook">PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-208-new-coercion-model">PEP 208: New Coercion Model</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.1.html#pep-241-metadata-in-python-packages">PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.1.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.1.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.1.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html">What’s New in Python 2.0</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#what-about-python-1-6">What About Python 1.6?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#new-development-process">New Development Process</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#list-comprehensions">List Comprehensions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#augmented-assignment">Augmented Assignment</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#string-methods">String Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#garbage-collection-of-cycles">Garbage Collection of Cycles</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#other-core-changes">Other Core Changes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#minor-language-changes">Minor Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#changes-to-built-in-functions">Changes to Built-in Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#porting-to-2-0">Porting to 2.0</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#extending-embedding-changes">Extending/Embedding Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#distutils-making-modules-easy-to-install">Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#xml-modules">XML Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#sax2-support">SAX2 Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#dom-support">DOM Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#relationship-to-pyxml">Relationship to PyXML</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#module-changes">Module changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#new-modules">New modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#idle-improvements">IDLE Improvements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#deleted-and-deprecated-modules">Deleted and Deprecated Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/2.0.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html">Changelog</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-next">Python next</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#core-and-builtins">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#library">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#tests">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#build">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#windows">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#macos">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#idle">IDLE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-1-final">Python 3.12.1 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id2">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id3">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id4">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id5">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id6">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id7">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id8">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id9">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#c-api">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-final">Python 3.12.0 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id10">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id11">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id12">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id13">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id14">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#tools-demos">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-release-candidate-3">Python 3.12.0 release candidate 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id15">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id16">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id17">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id18">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id19">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-release-candidate-2">Python 3.12.0 release candidate 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#security">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id20">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id21">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id22">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id23">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id24">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id25">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id26">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id27">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id28">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-release-candidate-1">Python 3.12.0 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id29">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id30">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id31">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id32">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id33">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id34">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id35">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id36">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id37">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id38">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-beta-4">Python 3.12.0 beta 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id39">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id40">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id41">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id42">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id43">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id44">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id45">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id46">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-beta-3">Python 3.12.0 beta 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id47">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id48">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id49">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id50">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id51">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-beta-2">Python 3.12.0 beta 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id52">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id53">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id54">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id55">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id56">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id57">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id58">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id59">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id60">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-beta-1">Python 3.12.0 beta 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id61">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id62">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id63">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id64">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id65">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id66">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id67">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id68">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id69">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id70">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id71">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-alpha-7">Python 3.12.0 alpha 7</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id72">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id73">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id74">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id75">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id76">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id77">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id78">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id79">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-alpha-6">Python 3.12.0 alpha 6</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id80">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id81">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id82">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id83">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id84">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id85">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id86">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id87">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id88">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-alpha-5">Python 3.12.0 alpha 5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id89">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id91">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id92">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id93">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id94">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id95">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id96">Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-alpha-4">Python 3.12.0 alpha 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id97">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id98">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id99">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id100">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id101">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id102">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id103">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id104">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id105">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-alpha-3">Python 3.12.0 alpha 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id106">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id107">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id108">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id109">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id110">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id111">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id112">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id113">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id114">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id115">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-alpha-2">Python 3.12.0 alpha 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id116">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id117">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id118">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id119">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id120">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id121">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id122">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id123">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id124">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-12-0-alpha-1">Python 3.12.0 alpha 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id125">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id126">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id127">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id128">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id129">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id130">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id131">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id132">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id133">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id134">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id136">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-11-0-beta-1">Python 3.11.0 beta 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id137">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id138">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id139">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id140">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id141">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id142">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id143">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id144">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id145">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id146">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-11-0-alpha-7">Python 3.11.0 alpha 7</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id147">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id148">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id149">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id150">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id151">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id152">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id153">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id154">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id155">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-11-0-alpha-6">Python 3.11.0 alpha 6</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id156">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id157">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id158">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id159">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id160">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id161">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id162">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id163">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-11-0-alpha-5">Python 3.11.0 alpha 5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id164">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id165">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id166">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id167">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id168">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id169">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id170">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id171">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id172">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-11-0-alpha-4">Python 3.11.0 alpha 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id173">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id174">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id175">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id176">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id177">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id178">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id179">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id180">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-11-0-alpha-3">Python 3.11.0 alpha 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id181">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id182">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id183">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id184">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id185">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id186">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id187">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id188">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-11-0-alpha-2">Python 3.11.0 alpha 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id189">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id190">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id191">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id192">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id193">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id194">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id195">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id196">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id197">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-11-0-alpha-1">Python 3.11.0 alpha 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id198">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id199">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id200">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id201">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id202">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id203">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id204">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id205">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id206">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id207">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id208">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-0-beta-1">Python 3.10.0 beta 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id209">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id210">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id211">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id212">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id213">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id214">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id215">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id216">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id217">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id218">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-0-alpha-7">Python 3.10.0 alpha 7</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id219">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id220">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id221">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id222">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id223">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id224">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id225">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id226">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id227">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-0-alpha-6">Python 3.10.0 alpha 6</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id228">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id229">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id230">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id231">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id232">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id233">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id234">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id235">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id236">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id237">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-0-alpha-5">Python 3.10.0 alpha 5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id238">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id239">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id240">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id241">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id242">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id243">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id244">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id245">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id246">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id247">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-0-alpha-4">Python 3.10.0 alpha 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id248">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id249">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id250">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id251">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id252">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id253">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id254">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id255">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-0-alpha-3">Python 3.10.0 alpha 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id256">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id257">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id258">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id259">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id260">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id261">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id262">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id263">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id264">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id265">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id266">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-0-alpha-2">Python 3.10.0 alpha 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id267">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id268">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id269">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id270">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id271">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id272">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id273">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id274">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id275">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id276">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-10-0-alpha-1">Python 3.10.0 alpha 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id277">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id278">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id279">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id280">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id281">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id282">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id283">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id284">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id285">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id286">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-9-0-beta-1">Python 3.9.0 beta 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id287">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id288">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id289">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id290">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id291">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id292">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id293">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id294">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id295">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id296">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-9-0-alpha-6">Python 3.9.0 alpha 6</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id297">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id298">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id299">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id300">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id301">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id302">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id303">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id304">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id305">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id306">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id307">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-9-0-alpha-5">Python 3.9.0 alpha 5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id308">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id309">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id310">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id311">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id312">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id313">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id314">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id315">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id316">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id317">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id318">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-9-0-alpha-4">Python 3.9.0 alpha 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id319">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id320">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id321">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id322">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id323">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id324">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id325">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id326">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id327">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-9-0-alpha-3">Python 3.9.0 alpha 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id328">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id329">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id330">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id331">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id332">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id333">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-9-0-alpha-2">Python 3.9.0 alpha 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id334">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id335">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id336">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id337">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id338">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id339">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id340">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id341">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id342">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id343">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-9-0-alpha-1">Python 3.9.0 alpha 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id344">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id345">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id346">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id347">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id348">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id349">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id350">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id351">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id352">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id353">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id354">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-8-0-beta-1">Python 3.8.0 beta 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id355">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id356">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id357">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id358">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id359">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id360">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id361">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id362">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id363">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id364">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id365">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-8-0-alpha-4">Python 3.8.0 alpha 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id366">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id367">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id368">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id369">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id370">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id371">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id372">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id373">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id374">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id375">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id376">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-8-0-alpha-3">Python 3.8.0 alpha 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id377">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id378">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id379">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id380">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id381">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id382">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id383">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id384">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id385">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id386">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-8-0-alpha-2">Python 3.8.0 alpha 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id387">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id388">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id389">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id390">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id391">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id392">IDLE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-8-0-alpha-1">Python 3.8.0 alpha 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id393">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id394">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id395">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id396">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id397">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id398">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id399">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id400">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id401">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id402">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id403">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-final">Python 3.7.0 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id404">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id405">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-release-candidate-1">Python 3.7.0 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id406">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id407">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id408">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id409">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id410">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id411">IDLE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-beta-5">Python 3.7.0 beta 5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id412">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id413">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id414">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id415">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id416">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id417">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id418">IDLE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-beta-4">Python 3.7.0 beta 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id419">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id420">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id421">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id422">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id423">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id424">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id425">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id426">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id427">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-beta-3">Python 3.7.0 beta 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id428">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id429">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id430">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id431">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id432">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id433">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id434">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id435">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id436">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id437">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id438">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-beta-2">Python 3.7.0 beta 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id439">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id440">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id441">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id442">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id443">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id444">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id445">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id446">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id447">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id448">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-beta-1">Python 3.7.0 beta 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id449">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id450">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id451">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id452">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id453">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id454">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id455">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id456">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-alpha-4">Python 3.7.0 alpha 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id457">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id458">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id459">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id460">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id461">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id462">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id463">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-alpha-3">Python 3.7.0 alpha 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id464">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id465">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id466">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id467">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id468">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id469">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id470">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id471">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id472">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id473">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-alpha-2">Python 3.7.0 alpha 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id474">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id475">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id476">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id477">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id478">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id479">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-7-0-alpha-1">Python 3.7.0 alpha 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id480">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id481">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id482">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id483">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id484">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id485">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id486">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id487">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id488">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id489">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-6-final">Python 3.6.6 final</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-6-release-candidate-1">Python 3.6.6 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id490">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id491">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id492">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id493">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id494">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id495">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id496">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id497">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id498">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id499">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-5-final">Python 3.6.5 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id500">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id501">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-5-release-candidate-1">Python 3.6.5 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id502">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id503">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id504">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id505">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id506">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id507">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id508">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id509">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id510">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id511">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id512">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-4-final">Python 3.6.4 final</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-4-release-candidate-1">Python 3.6.4 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id513">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id514">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id515">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id516">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id517">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id518">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id519">macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id520">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id521">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id522">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-3-final">Python 3.6.3 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id523">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id524">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-3-release-candidate-1">Python 3.6.3 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id525">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id526">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id527">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id528">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id529">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id530">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id531">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id532">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id533">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-2-final">Python 3.6.2 final</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-2-release-candidate-2">Python 3.6.2 release candidate 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id534">Security</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-2-release-candidate-1">Python 3.6.2 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id535">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id536">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id537">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id538">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id539">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id540">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id541">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id542">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id543">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id544">Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-1-final">Python 3.6.1 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id545">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id546">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-1-release-candidate-1">Python 3.6.1 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id547">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id548">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id549">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id550">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id551">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id552">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id553">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id554">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-final">Python 3.6.0 final</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-release-candidate-2">Python 3.6.0 release candidate 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id555">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id556">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id557">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id558">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-release-candidate-1">Python 3.6.0 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id559">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id560">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id561">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id562">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id563">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-beta-4">Python 3.6.0 beta 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id564">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id565">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id566">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id567">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id568">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-beta-3">Python 3.6.0 beta 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id569">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id570">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id571">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id572">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id573">Tests</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-beta-2">Python 3.6.0 beta 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id574">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id575">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id576">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id577">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id578">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id579">Tests</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-beta-1">Python 3.6.0 beta 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id580">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id581">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id582">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id583">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id584">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id585">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id586">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id587">Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-alpha-4">Python 3.6.0 alpha 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id588">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id589">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id590">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id591">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id592">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id593">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-alpha-3">Python 3.6.0 alpha 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id594">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id595">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id596">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id597">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id598">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id599">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id600">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id601">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id602">Tests</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-alpha-2">Python 3.6.0 alpha 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id603">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id604">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id605">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id606">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id607">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id608">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id609">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id610">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id611">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id612">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-6-0-alpha-1">Python 3.6.0 alpha 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id613">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id614">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id615">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id616">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id617">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id618">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id619">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id620">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id621">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id622">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-5-final">Python 3.5.5 final</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-5-release-candidate-1">Python 3.5.5 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id623">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id624">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id625">Library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-4-final">Python 3.5.4 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id626">Library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-4-release-candidate-1">Python 3.5.4 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id627">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id628">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id629">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id630">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id631">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id632">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id633">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id634">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-3-final">Python 3.5.3 final</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-3-release-candidate-1">Python 3.5.3 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id635">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id636">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id637">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id638">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id639">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id640">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id641">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id642">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id643">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id644">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-2-final">Python 3.5.2 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id645">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id646">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id647">IDLE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-2-release-candidate-1">Python 3.5.2 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id648">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id649">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id650">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id651">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id652">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id653">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id654">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id655">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id656">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-1-final">Python 3.5.1 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id657">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id658">Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-1-release-candidate-1">Python 3.5.1 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id659">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id660">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id661">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id662">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id663">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id664">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id665">Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id666">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-final">Python 3.5.0 final</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id667">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-release-candidate-4">Python 3.5.0 release candidate 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id668">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id669">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-release-candidate-3">Python 3.5.0 release candidate 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id670">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id671">Library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-release-candidate-2">Python 3.5.0 release candidate 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id672">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id673">Library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-release-candidate-1">Python 3.5.0 release candidate 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id674">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id675">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id676">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id677">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id678">Tests</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-beta-4">Python 3.5.0 beta 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id679">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id680">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id681">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-beta-3">Python 3.5.0 beta 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id682">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id683">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id684">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id685">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id686">Build</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-beta-2">Python 3.5.0 beta 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id687">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id688">Library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-beta-1">Python 3.5.0 beta 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id689">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id690">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id691">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id692">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id693">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id694">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-alpha-4">Python 3.5.0 alpha 4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id695">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id696">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id697">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id698">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id699">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id700">C API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-alpha-3">Python 3.5.0 alpha 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id701">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id702">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id703">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id704">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id705">Tools/Demos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-alpha-2">Python 3.5.0 alpha 2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id706">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id707">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id708">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id709">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id710">Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#python-3-5-0-alpha-1">Python 3.5.0 alpha 1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id711">Core and Builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id712">Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id713">IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id714">Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id715">C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id716">Documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id717">Tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id718">Tools/Demos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/changelog.html#id719">Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/index">The Python Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appetite">1. Whetting Your Appetite</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter">2. Using the Python Interpreter</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter#invoking-the-interpreter">2.1. Invoking the Interpreter</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter#argument-passing">2.1.1. Argument Passing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter#interactive-mode">2.1.2. Interactive Mode</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter#the-interpreter-and-its-environment">2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interpreter#source-code-encoding">2.2.1. Source Code Encoding</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction">3. An Informal Introduction to Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction#using-python-as-a-calculator">3.1. Using Python as a Calculator</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction#numbers">3.1.1. Numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction#text">3.1.2. Text</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction#lists">3.1.3. Lists</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/introduction#first-steps-towards-programming">3.2. First Steps Towards Programming</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow">4. More Control Flow Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#if-statements">4.1. <code>if</code> Statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#for-statements">4.2. <code>for</code> Statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#the-range-function">4.3. The <code>range()</code> Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#break-and-continue-statements-and-else-clauses-on-loops">4.4. <code>break</code> and <code>continue</code> Statements, and <code>else</code> Clauses on Loops</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#pass-statements">4.5. <code>pass</code> Statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#match-statements">4.6. <code>match</code> Statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#defining-functions">4.7. Defining Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#more-on-defining-functions">4.8. More on Defining Functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#default-argument-values">4.8.1. Default Argument Values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#keyword-arguments">4.8.2. Keyword Arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#special-parameters">4.8.3. Special parameters</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#positional-or-keyword-arguments">4.8.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#positional-only-parameters">4.8.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#keyword-only-arguments">4.8.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#function-examples">4.8.3.4. Function Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#recap">4.8.3.5. Recap</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#arbitrary-argument-lists">4.8.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#unpacking-argument-lists">4.8.5. Unpacking Argument Lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#lambda-expressions">4.8.6. Lambda Expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#documentation-strings">4.8.7. Documentation Strings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#function-annotations">4.8.8. Function Annotations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/controlflow#intermezzo-coding-style">4.9. Intermezzo: Coding Style</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures">5. Data Structures</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures#more-on-lists">5.1. More on Lists</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures#using-lists-as-stacks">5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures#using-lists-as-queues">5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures#list-comprehensions">5.1.3. List Comprehensions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures#nested-list-comprehensions">5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures#the-del-statement">5.2. The <code>del</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures#tuples-and-sequences">5.3. Tuples and Sequences</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures#sets">5.4. Sets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures#dictionaries">5.5. Dictionaries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures#looping-techniques">5.6. Looping Techniques</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures#more-on-conditions">5.7. More on Conditions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/datastructures#comparing-sequences-and-other-types">5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules">6. Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules#more-on-modules">6.1. More on Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules#executing-modules-as-scripts">6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules#the-module-search-path">6.1.2. The Module Search Path</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules#compiled-python-files">6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules#standard-modules">6.2. Standard Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules#the-dir-function">6.3. The <code>dir()</code> Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules#packages">6.4. Packages</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules#importing-from-a-package">6.4.1. Importing * From a Package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules#intra-package-references">6.4.2. Intra-package References</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/modules#packages-in-multiple-directories">6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput">7. Input and Output</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput#fancier-output-formatting">7.1. Fancier Output Formatting</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput#formatted-string-literals">7.1.1. Formatted String Literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput#the-string-format-method">7.1.2. The String format() Method</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput#manual-string-formatting">7.1.3. Manual String Formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput#old-string-formatting">7.1.4. Old string formatting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput#reading-and-writing-files">7.2. Reading and Writing Files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput#methods-of-file-objects">7.2.1. Methods of File Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/inputoutput#saving-structured-data-with-json">7.2.2. Saving structured data with <code>json</code></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors">8. Errors and Exceptions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors#syntax-errors">8.1. Syntax Errors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors#exceptions">8.2. Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors#handling-exceptions">8.3. Handling Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors#raising-exceptions">8.4. Raising Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors#exception-chaining">8.5. Exception Chaining</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors#user-defined-exceptions">8.6. User-defined Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors#defining-clean-up-actions">8.7. Defining Clean-up Actions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors#predefined-clean-up-actions">8.8. Predefined Clean-up Actions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors#raising-and-handling-multiple-unrelated-exceptions">8.9. Raising and Handling Multiple Unrelated Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/errors#enriching-exceptions-with-notes">8.10. Enriching Exceptions with Notes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes">9. Classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes#a-word-about-names-and-objects">9.1. A Word About Names and Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes#python-scopes-and-namespaces">9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes#scopes-and-namespaces-example">9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes#a-first-look-at-classes">9.3. A First Look at Classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes#class-definition-syntax">9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes#class-objects">9.3.2. Class Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes#instance-objects">9.3.3. Instance Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes#method-objects">9.3.4. Method Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes#class-and-instance-variables">9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes#random-remarks">9.4. Random Remarks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes#inheritance">9.5. Inheritance</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes#multiple-inheritance">9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes#private-variables">9.6. Private Variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes#odds-and-ends">9.7. Odds and Ends</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes#iterators">9.8. Iterators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes#generators">9.9. Generators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/classes#generator-expressions">9.10. Generator Expressions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib">10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib#operating-system-interface">10.1. Operating System Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib#file-wildcards">10.2. File Wildcards</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib#command-line-arguments">10.3. Command Line Arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib#error-output-redirection-and-program-termination">10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib#string-pattern-matching">10.5. String Pattern Matching</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib#mathematics">10.6. Mathematics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib#internet-access">10.7. Internet Access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib#dates-and-times">10.8. Dates and Times</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib#data-compression">10.9. Data Compression</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib#performance-measurement">10.10. Performance Measurement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib#quality-control">10.11. Quality Control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib#batteries-included">10.12. Batteries Included</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2">11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part II</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2#output-formatting">11.1. Output Formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2#templating">11.2. Templating</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2#working-with-binary-data-record-layouts">11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2#multi-threading">11.4. Multi-threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2#logging">11.5. Logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2#weak-references">11.6. Weak References</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2#tools-for-working-with-lists">11.7. Tools for Working with Lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/stdlib2#decimal-floating-point-arithmetic">11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/venv">12. Virtual Environments and Packages</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/venv#introduction">12.1. Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/venv#creating-virtual-environments">12.2. Creating Virtual Environments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/venv#managing-packages-with-pip">12.3. Managing Packages with pip</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/whatnow">13. What Now?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive">14. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive#tab-completion-and-history-editing">14.1. Tab Completion and History Editing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/interactive#alternatives-to-the-interactive-interpreter">14.2. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/floatingpoint">15. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/floatingpoint#representation-error">15.1. Representation Error</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix">16. Appendix</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix#interactive-mode">16.1. Interactive Mode</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix#error-handling">16.1.1. Error Handling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix#executable-python-scripts">16.1.2. Executable Python Scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix#the-interactive-startup-file">16.1.3. The Interactive Startup File</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/appendix#the-customization-modules">16.1.4. The Customization Modules</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/index">Python Setup and Usage</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline">1. Command line and environment</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline#command-line">1.1. Command line</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline#interface-options">1.1.1. Interface options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline#generic-options">1.1.2. Generic options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline#miscellaneous-options">1.1.3. Miscellaneous options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline#options-you-shouldn-t-use">1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t use</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline#environment-variables">1.2. Environment variables</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/cmdline#debug-mode-variables">1.2.1. Debug-mode variables</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/unix">2. Using Python on Unix platforms</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/unix#getting-and-installing-the-latest-version-of-python">2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix#on-linux">2.1.1. On Linux</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix#on-freebsd-and-openbsd">2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix#building-python">2.2. Building Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix#python-related-paths-and-files">2.3. Python-related paths and files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix#miscellaneous">2.4. Miscellaneous</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/unix#custom-openssl">2.5. Custom OpenSSL</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/configure">3. Configure Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#build-requirements">3.1. Build Requirements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#generated-files">3.2. Generated files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#configure-script">3.2.1. configure script</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#configure-options">3.3. Configure Options</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#general-options">3.3.1. General Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#webassembly-options">3.3.2. WebAssembly Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#install-options">3.3.3. Install Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#performance-options">3.3.4. Performance options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#python-debug-build">3.3.5. Python Debug Build</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#debug-options">3.3.6. Debug options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#linker-options">3.3.7. Linker options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#libraries-options">3.3.8. Libraries options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#security-options">3.3.9. Security Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#macos-options">3.3.10. macOS Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#cross-compiling-options">3.3.11. Cross Compiling Options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#python-build-system">3.4. Python Build System</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#main-files-of-the-build-system">3.4.1. Main files of the build system</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#main-build-steps">3.4.2. Main build steps</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#main-makefile-targets">3.4.3. Main Makefile targets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#c-extensions">3.4.4. C extensions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#compiler-and-linker-flags">3.5. Compiler and linker flags</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#preprocessor-flags">3.5.1. Preprocessor flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#compiler-flags">3.5.2. Compiler flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/configure#linker-flags">3.5.3. Linker flags</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/windows">4. Using Python on Windows</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#the-full-installer">4.1. The full installer</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#installation-steps">4.1.1. Installation steps</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#removing-the-max-path-limitation">4.1.2. Removing the MAX_PATH Limitation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#installing-without-ui">4.1.3. Installing Without UI</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#installing-without-downloading">4.1.4. Installing Without Downloading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#modifying-an-install">4.1.5. Modifying an install</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#the-microsoft-store-package">4.2. The Microsoft Store package</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#known-issues">4.2.1. Known issues</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#redirection-of-local-data-registry-and-temporary-paths">4.2.1.1. Redirection of local data, registry, and temporary paths</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#the-nuget-org-packages">4.3. The nuget.org packages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#the-embeddable-package">4.4. The embeddable package</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#python-application">4.4.1. Python Application</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#embedding-python">4.4.2. Embedding Python</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#alternative-bundles">4.5. Alternative bundles</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#configuring-python">4.6. Configuring Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#excursus-setting-environment-variables">4.6.1. Excursus: Setting environment variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#finding-the-python-executable">4.6.2. Finding the Python executable</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#utf-8-mode">4.7. UTF-8 mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#python-launcher-for-windows">4.8. Python Launcher for Windows</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#getting-started">4.8.1. Getting started</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#from-the-command-line">4.8.1.1. From the command-line</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#virtual-environments">4.8.1.2. Virtual environments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#from-a-script">4.8.1.3. From a script</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#from-file-associations">4.8.1.4. From file associations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#shebang-lines">4.8.2. Shebang Lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#arguments-in-shebang-lines">4.8.3. Arguments in shebang lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#customization">4.8.4. Customization</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#customization-via-ini-files">4.8.4.1. Customization via INI files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#customizing-default-python-versions">4.8.4.2. Customizing default Python versions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#diagnostics">4.8.5. Diagnostics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#dry-run">4.8.6. Dry Run</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#install-on-demand">4.8.7. Install on demand</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#return-codes">4.8.8. Return codes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#finding-modules">4.9. Finding modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#additional-modules">4.10. Additional modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#pywin32">4.10.1. PyWin32</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#cx-freeze">4.10.2. cx_Freeze</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#compiling-python-on-windows">4.11. Compiling Python on Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/windows#other-platforms">4.12. Other Platforms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/mac">5. Using Python on a Mac</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="using/mac#getting-and-installing-macpython">5.1. Getting and Installing MacPython</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac#how-to-run-a-python-script">5.1.1. How to run a Python script</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac#running-scripts-with-a-gui">5.1.2. Running scripts with a GUI</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac#configuration">5.1.3. Configuration</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac#the-ide">5.2. The IDE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac#installing-additional-python-packages">5.3. Installing Additional Python Packages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac#gui-programming-on-the-mac">5.4. GUI Programming on the Mac</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac#distributing-python-applications-on-the-mac">5.5. Distributing Python Applications on the Mac</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using/mac#other-resources">5.6. Other Resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using/editors">6. Editors and IDEs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/index">The Python Language Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction">1. Introduction</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction#alternate-implementations">1.1. Alternate Implementations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/introduction#notation">1.2. Notation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis">2. Lexical analysis</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#line-structure">2.1. Line structure</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#logical-lines">2.1.1. Logical lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#physical-lines">2.1.2. Physical lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#comments">2.1.3. Comments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#encoding-declarations">2.1.4. Encoding declarations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#explicit-line-joining">2.1.5. Explicit line joining</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#implicit-line-joining">2.1.6. Implicit line joining</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#blank-lines">2.1.7. Blank lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#indentation">2.1.8. Indentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#whitespace-between-tokens">2.1.9. Whitespace between tokens</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#other-tokens">2.2. Other tokens</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#identifiers">2.3. Identifiers and keywords</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#keywords">2.3.1. Keywords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#soft-keywords">2.3.2. Soft Keywords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#reserved-classes-of-identifiers">2.3.3. Reserved classes of identifiers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#literals">2.4. Literals</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#string-and-bytes-literals">2.4.1. String and Bytes literals</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#escape-sequences">2.4.1.1. Escape sequences</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#string-literal-concatenation">2.4.2. String literal concatenation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#formatted-string-literals">2.4.3. f-strings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#numeric-literals">2.4.4. Numeric literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#integer-literals">2.4.5. Integer literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#floating-point-literals">2.4.6. Floating point literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#imaginary-literals">2.4.7. Imaginary literals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#operators">2.5. Operators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/lexical_analysis#delimiters">2.6. Delimiters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel">3. Data model</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#objects-values-and-types">3.1. Objects, values and types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#the-standard-type-hierarchy">3.2. The standard type hierarchy</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#none">3.2.1. None</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#notimplemented">3.2.2. NotImplemented</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#ellipsis">3.2.3. Ellipsis</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#numbers-number">3.2.4. <code>numbers.Number</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#numbers-integral">3.2.4.1. <code>numbers.Integral</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#numbers-real-float">3.2.4.2. <code>numbers.Real</code> (<code>float</code>)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#numbers-complex-complex">3.2.4.3. <code>numbers.Complex</code> (<code>complex</code>)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#sequences">3.2.5. Sequences</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#immutable-sequences">3.2.5.1. Immutable sequences</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#mutable-sequences">3.2.5.2. Mutable sequences</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#set-types">3.2.6. Set types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#mappings">3.2.7. Mappings</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#dictionaries">3.2.7.1. Dictionaries</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#callable-types">3.2.8. Callable types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#user-defined-functions">3.2.8.1. User-defined functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#special-read-only-attributes">3.2.8.1.1. Special read-only attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#special-writable-attributes">3.2.8.1.2. Special writable attributes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#instance-methods">3.2.8.2. Instance methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#generator-functions">3.2.8.3. Generator functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#coroutine-functions">3.2.8.4. Coroutine functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#asynchronous-generator-functions">3.2.8.5. Asynchronous generator functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#built-in-functions">3.2.8.6. Built-in functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#built-in-methods">3.2.8.7. Built-in methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#classes">3.2.8.8. Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#class-instances">3.2.8.9. Class Instances</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#modules">3.2.9. Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#custom-classes">3.2.10. Custom classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#id3">3.2.11. Class instances</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#i-o-objects-also-known-as-file-objects">3.2.12. I/O objects (also known as file objects)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#internal-types">3.2.13. Internal types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#code-objects">3.2.13.1. Code objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#index-58">3.2.13.1.1. Special read-only attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#methods-on-code-objects">3.2.13.1.2. Methods on code objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#frame-objects">3.2.13.2. Frame objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#index-64">3.2.13.2.1. Special read-only attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#index-65">3.2.13.2.2. Special writable attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#frame-object-methods">3.2.13.2.3. Frame object methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#traceback-objects">3.2.13.3. Traceback objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#slice-objects">3.2.13.4. Slice objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#static-method-objects">3.2.13.5. Static method objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#class-method-objects">3.2.13.6. Class method objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#special-method-names">3.3. Special method names</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#basic-customization">3.3.1. Basic customization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#customizing-attribute-access">3.3.2. Customizing attribute access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#customizing-module-attribute-access">3.3.2.1. Customizing module attribute access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#implementing-descriptors">3.3.2.2. Implementing Descriptors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#invoking-descriptors">3.3.2.3. Invoking Descriptors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#slots">3.3.2.4. __slots__</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#customizing-class-creation">3.3.3. Customizing class creation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#metaclasses">3.3.3.1. Metaclasses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#resolving-mro-entries">3.3.3.2. Resolving MRO entries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#determining-the-appropriate-metaclass">3.3.3.3. Determining the appropriate metaclass</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#preparing-the-class-namespace">3.3.3.4. Preparing the class namespace</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#executing-the-class-body">3.3.3.5. Executing the class body</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#creating-the-class-object">3.3.3.6. Creating the class object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#uses-for-metaclasses">3.3.3.7. Uses for metaclasses</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#customizing-instance-and-subclass-checks">3.3.4. Customizing instance and subclass checks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#emulating-generic-types">3.3.5. Emulating generic types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#the-purpose-of-class-getitem">3.3.5.1. The purpose of __class_getitem__</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#class-getitem-versus-getitem">3.3.5.2. __class_getitem__ versus __getitem__</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#emulating-callable-objects">3.3.6. Emulating callable objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#emulating-container-types">3.3.7. Emulating container types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#emulating-numeric-types">3.3.8. Emulating numeric types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#with-statement-context-managers">3.3.9. With Statement Context Managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#customizing-positional-arguments-in-class-pattern-matching">3.3.10. Customizing positional arguments in class pattern matching</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#emulating-buffer-types">3.3.11. Emulating buffer types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#special-method-lookup">3.3.12. Special method lookup</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#coroutines">3.4. Coroutines</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#awaitable-objects">3.4.1. Awaitable Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#coroutine-objects">3.4.2. Coroutine Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#asynchronous-iterators">3.4.3. Asynchronous Iterators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/datamodel#asynchronous-context-managers">3.4.4. Asynchronous Context Managers</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel">4. Execution model</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel#structure-of-a-program">4.1. Structure of a program</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel#naming-and-binding">4.2. Naming and binding</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel#binding-of-names">4.2.1. Binding of names</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel#resolution-of-names">4.2.2. Resolution of names</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel#annotation-scopes">4.2.3. Annotation scopes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel#lazy-evaluation">4.2.4. Lazy evaluation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel#builtins-and-restricted-execution">4.2.5. Builtins and restricted execution</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel#interaction-with-dynamic-features">4.2.6. Interaction with dynamic features</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/executionmodel#exceptions">4.3. Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/import">5. The import system</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#importlib">5.1. <code>importlib</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#packages">5.2. Packages</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#regular-packages">5.2.1. Regular packages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#namespace-packages">5.2.2. Namespace packages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#searching">5.3. Searching</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#the-module-cache">5.3.1. The module cache</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#finders-and-loaders">5.3.2. Finders and loaders</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#import-hooks">5.3.3. Import hooks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#the-meta-path">5.3.4. The meta path</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#loading">5.4. Loading</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#loaders">5.4.1. Loaders</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#submodules">5.4.2. Submodules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#module-spec">5.4.3. Module spec</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#import-related-module-attributes">5.4.4. Import-related module attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#module-path">5.4.5. module.__path__</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#module-reprs">5.4.6. Module reprs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#cached-bytecode-invalidation">5.4.7. Cached bytecode invalidation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#the-path-based-finder">5.5. The Path Based Finder</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#path-entry-finders">5.5.1. Path entry finders</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#path-entry-finder-protocol">5.5.2. Path entry finder protocol</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#replacing-the-standard-import-system">5.6. Replacing the standard import system</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#package-relative-imports">5.7. Package Relative Imports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#special-considerations-for-main">5.8. Special considerations for __main__</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#main-spec">5.8.1. __main__.__spec__</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/import#references">5.9. References</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions">6. Expressions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#arithmetic-conversions">6.1. Arithmetic conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#atoms">6.2. Atoms</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#atom-identifiers">6.2.1. Identifiers (Names)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#literals">6.2.2. Literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#parenthesized-forms">6.2.3. Parenthesized forms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#displays-for-lists-sets-and-dictionaries">6.2.4. Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#list-displays">6.2.5. List displays</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#set-displays">6.2.6. Set displays</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#dictionary-displays">6.2.7. Dictionary displays</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#generator-expressions">6.2.8. Generator expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#yield-expressions">6.2.9. Yield expressions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#generator-iterator-methods">6.2.9.1. Generator-iterator methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#examples">6.2.9.2. Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#asynchronous-generator-functions">6.2.9.3. Asynchronous generator functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#asynchronous-generator-iterator-methods">6.2.9.4. Asynchronous generator-iterator methods</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#primaries">6.3. Primaries</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#attribute-references">6.3.1. Attribute references</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#subscriptions">6.3.2. Subscriptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#slicings">6.3.3. Slicings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#calls">6.3.4. Calls</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#await-expression">6.4. Await expression</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#the-power-operator">6.5. The power operator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#unary-arithmetic-and-bitwise-operations">6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#binary-arithmetic-operations">6.7. Binary arithmetic operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#shifting-operations">6.8. Shifting operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#binary-bitwise-operations">6.9. Binary bitwise operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#comparisons">6.10. Comparisons</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#value-comparisons">6.10.1. Value comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#membership-test-operations">6.10.2. Membership test operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#is-not">6.10.3. Identity comparisons</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#boolean-operations">6.11. Boolean operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#assignment-expressions">6.12. Assignment expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#conditional-expressions">6.13. Conditional expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#lambda">6.14. Lambdas</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#expression-lists">6.15. Expression lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#evaluation-order">6.16. Evaluation order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/expressions#operator-precedence">6.17. Operator precedence</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts">7. Simple statements</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts#expression-statements">7.1. Expression statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts#assignment-statements">7.2. Assignment statements</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts#augmented-assignment-statements">7.2.1. Augmented assignment statements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts#annotated-assignment-statements">7.2.2. Annotated assignment statements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts#the-assert-statement">7.3. The <code>assert</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts#the-pass-statement">7.4. The <code>pass</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts#the-del-statement">7.5. The <code>del</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts#the-return-statement">7.6. The <code>return</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts#the-yield-statement">7.7. The <code>yield</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts#the-raise-statement">7.8. The <code>raise</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts#the-break-statement">7.9. The <code>break</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts#the-continue-statement">7.10. The <code>continue</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts#the-import-statement">7.11. The <code>import</code> statement</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts#future-statements">7.11.1. Future statements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts#the-global-statement">7.12. The <code>global</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts#the-nonlocal-statement">7.13. The <code>nonlocal</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/simple_stmts#the-type-statement">7.14. The <code>type</code> statement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts">8. Compound statements</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#the-if-statement">8.1. The <code>if</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#the-while-statement">8.2. The <code>while</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#the-for-statement">8.3. The <code>for</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#the-try-statement">8.4. The <code>try</code> statement</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#except-clause">8.4.1. <code>except</code> clause</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#except-star">8.4.2. <code>except*</code> clause</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#else-clause">8.4.3. <code>else</code> clause</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#finally-clause">8.4.4. <code>finally</code> clause</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#the-with-statement">8.5. The <code>with</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#the-match-statement">8.6. The <code>match</code> statement</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#overview">8.6.1. Overview</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#guards">8.6.2. Guards</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#irrefutable-case-blocks">8.6.3. Irrefutable Case Blocks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#patterns">8.6.4. Patterns</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#or-patterns">8.6.4.1. OR Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#as-patterns">8.6.4.2. AS Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#literal-patterns">8.6.4.3. Literal Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#capture-patterns">8.6.4.4. Capture Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#wildcard-patterns">8.6.4.5. Wildcard Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#value-patterns">8.6.4.6. Value Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#group-patterns">8.6.4.7. Group Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#sequence-patterns">8.6.4.8. Sequence Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#mapping-patterns">8.6.4.9. Mapping Patterns</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#class-patterns">8.6.4.10. Class Patterns</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#function-definitions">8.7. Function definitions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#class-definitions">8.8. Class definitions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#coroutines">8.9. Coroutines</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#coroutine-function-definition">8.9.1. Coroutine function definition</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#the-async-for-statement">8.9.2. The <code>async for</code> statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#the-async-with-statement">8.9.3. The <code>async with</code> statement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#type-parameter-lists">8.10. Type parameter lists</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#generic-functions">8.10.1. Generic functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#generic-classes">8.10.2. Generic classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/compound_stmts#generic-type-aliases">8.10.3. Generic type aliases</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components">9. Top-level components</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components#complete-python-programs">9.1. Complete Python programs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components#file-input">9.2. File input</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components#interactive-input">9.3. Interactive input</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/toplevel_components#expression-input">9.4. Expression input</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/grammar">10. Full Grammar specification</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/index">The Python Standard Library</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/intro.html">Introduction</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/intro.html#notes-on-availability">Notes on availability</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/intro.html#webassembly-platforms">WebAssembly platforms</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functions">Built-in Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/constants">Built-in Constants</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/constants#constants-added-by-the-site-module">Constants added by the <code>site</code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes">Built-in Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#truth-value-testing">Truth Value Testing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#boolean-operations-and-or-not">Boolean Operations — <code>and</code>, <code>or</code>, <code>not</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#comparisons">Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#numeric-types-int-float-complex">Numeric Types — <code>int</code>, <code>float</code>, <code>complex</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#bitwise-operations-on-integer-types">Bitwise Operations on Integer Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#additional-methods-on-integer-types">Additional Methods on Integer Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#additional-methods-on-float">Additional Methods on Float</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#hashing-of-numeric-types">Hashing of numeric types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#boolean-type-bool">Boolean Type - <code>bool</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#iterator-types">Iterator Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#generator-types">Generator Types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#sequence-types-list-tuple-range">Sequence Types — <code>list</code>, <code>tuple</code>, <code>range</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#common-sequence-operations">Common Sequence Operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#immutable-sequence-types">Immutable Sequence Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#mutable-sequence-types">Mutable Sequence Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#lists">Lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#tuples">Tuples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#ranges">Ranges</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#text-sequence-type-str">Text Sequence Type — <code>str</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#string-methods">String Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#printf-style-string-formatting"><code>printf</code>-style String Formatting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#binary-sequence-types-bytes-bytearray-memoryview">Binary Sequence Types — <code>bytes</code>, <code>bytearray</code>, <code>memoryview</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#bytes-objects">Bytes Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#bytearray-objects">Bytearray Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#bytes-and-bytearray-operations">Bytes and Bytearray Operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#printf-style-bytes-formatting"><code>printf</code>-style Bytes Formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#memory-views">Memory Views</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#set-types-set-frozenset">Set Types — <code>set</code>, <code>frozenset</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#mapping-types-dict">Mapping Types — <code>dict</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#dictionary-view-objects">Dictionary view objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#context-manager-types">Context Manager Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#type-annotation-types-generic-alias-union">Type Annotation Types — <span class="xref std std-ref">Generic Alias</span>, <span class="xref std std-ref">Union</span></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#generic-alias-type">Generic Alias Type</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#standard-generic-classes">Standard Generic Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#special-attributes-of-genericalias-objects">Special Attributes of <code>GenericAlias</code> objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#union-type">Union Type</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#other-built-in-types">Other Built-in Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#modules">Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#classes-and-class-instances">Classes and Class Instances</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#methods">Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#code-objects">Code Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#type-objects">Type Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#the-null-object">The Null Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#the-ellipsis-object">The Ellipsis Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#the-notimplemented-object">The NotImplemented Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#internal-objects">Internal Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#special-attributes">Special Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#integer-string-conversion-length-limitation">Integer string conversion length limitation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#affected-apis">Affected APIs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#configuring-the-limit">Configuring the limit</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stdtypes#recommended-configuration">Recommended configuration</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions">Built-in Exceptions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions#exception-context">Exception context</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions#inheriting-from-built-in-exceptions">Inheriting from built-in exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions#base-classes">Base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions#concrete-exceptions">Concrete exceptions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions#os-exceptions">OS exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions#warnings">Warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions#exception-groups">Exception groups</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/exceptions#exception-hierarchy">Exception hierarchy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/text">Text Processing Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/string"><code>string</code> — Common string operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string#string-constants">String constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string#custom-string-formatting">Custom String Formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/string#format-string-syntax">Format String Syntax</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string#format-specification-mini-language">Format Specification Mini-Language</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string#format-examples">Format examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string#template-strings">Template strings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/string#helper-functions">Helper functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/re"><code>re</code> — Regular expression operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re#regular-expression-syntax">Regular Expression Syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/re#module-contents">Module Contents</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re#flags">Flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re#regular-expression-objects">Regular Expression Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re#match-objects">Match Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/re#regular-expression-examples">Regular Expression Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re#checking-for-a-pair">Checking for a Pair</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re#simulating-scanf">Simulating scanf()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re#search-vs-match">search() vs. match()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re#making-a-phonebook">Making a Phonebook</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re#text-munging">Text Munging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re#finding-all-adverbs">Finding all Adverbs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re#finding-all-adverbs-and-their-positions">Finding all Adverbs and their Positions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re#raw-string-notation">Raw String Notation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/re#writing-a-tokenizer">Writing a Tokenizer</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib"><code>difflib</code> — Helpers for computing deltas</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib#sequencematcher-objects">SequenceMatcher Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib#sequencematcher-examples">SequenceMatcher Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib#differ-objects">Differ Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib#differ-example">Differ Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib#a-command-line-interface-to-difflib">A command-line interface to difflib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/difflib#ndiff-example">ndiff example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/textwrap"><code>textwrap</code> — Text wrapping and filling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unicodedata"><code>unicodedata</code> — Unicode Database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stringprep"><code>stringprep</code> — Internet String Preparation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/readline"><code>readline</code> — GNU readline interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline#init-file">Init file</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline#line-buffer">Line buffer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline#history-file">History file</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline#history-list">History list</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline#startup-hooks">Startup hooks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline#completion">Completion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/readline#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/rlcompleter"><code>rlcompleter</code> — Completion function for GNU readline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/binary">Binary Data Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/struct"><code>struct</code> — Interpret bytes as packed binary data</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct#functions-and-exceptions">Functions and Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/struct#format-strings">Format Strings</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct#byte-order-size-and-alignment">Byte Order, Size, and Alignment</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct#format-characters">Format Characters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/struct#applications">Applications</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct#native-formats">Native Formats</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct#standard-formats">Standard Formats</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/struct#classes">Classes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs"><code>codecs</code> — Codec registry and base classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#codec-base-classes">Codec Base Classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#error-handlers">Error Handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#stateless-encoding-and-decoding">Stateless Encoding and Decoding</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#incremental-encoding-and-decoding">Incremental Encoding and Decoding</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#incrementalencoder-objects">IncrementalEncoder Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#incrementaldecoder-objects">IncrementalDecoder Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#stream-encoding-and-decoding">Stream Encoding and Decoding</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#streamwriter-objects">StreamWriter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#streamreader-objects">StreamReader Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#streamreaderwriter-objects">StreamReaderWriter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#streamrecoder-objects">StreamRecoder Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#encodings-and-unicode">Encodings and Unicode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#standard-encodings">Standard Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#python-specific-encodings">Python Specific Encodings</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#text-encodings">Text Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#binary-transforms">Binary Transforms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#text-transforms">Text Transforms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#module-encodings.idna"><code>encodings.idna</code> — Internationalized Domain Names in Applications</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#module-encodings.mbcs"><code>encodings.mbcs</code> — Windows ANSI codepage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codecs#module-encodings.utf_8_sig"><code>encodings.utf_8_sig</code> — UTF-8 codec with BOM signature</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/datatypes">Data Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime"><code>datetime</code> — Basic date and time types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#aware-and-naive-objects">Aware and Naive Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#constants">Constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#available-types">Available Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#common-properties">Common Properties</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#determining-if-an-object-is-aware-or-naive">Determining if an Object is Aware or Naive</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#timedelta-objects"><code>timedelta</code> Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#examples-of-usage-timedelta">Examples of usage: <code>timedelta</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#date-objects"><code>date</code> Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#examples-of-usage-date">Examples of Usage: <code>date</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#datetime-objects"><code>datetime</code> Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#examples-of-usage-datetime">Examples of Usage: <code>datetime</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#time-objects"><code>time</code> Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#examples-of-usage-time">Examples of Usage: <code>time</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#tzinfo-objects"><code>tzinfo</code> Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#timezone-objects"><code>timezone</code> Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#strftime-and-strptime-behavior"><code>strftime()</code> and <code>strptime()</code> Behavior</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#strftime-and-strptime-format-codes"><code>strftime()</code> and <code>strptime()</code> Format Codes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/datetime#technical-detail">Technical Detail</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo"><code>zoneinfo</code> — IANA time zone support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo#using-zoneinfo">Using <code>ZoneInfo</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo#data-sources">Data sources</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo#configuring-the-data-sources">Configuring the data sources</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo#compile-time-configuration">Compile-time configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo#environment-configuration">Environment configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo#runtime-configuration">Runtime configuration</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo#the-zoneinfo-class">The <code>ZoneInfo</code> class</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo#string-representations">String representations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo#pickle-serialization">Pickle serialization</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo#globals">Globals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zoneinfo#exceptions-and-warnings">Exceptions and warnings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/calendar"><code>calendar</code> — General calendar-related functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/calendar#command-line-usage">Command-Line Usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/collections"><code>collections</code> — Container datatypes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/collections#chainmap-objects"><code>ChainMap</code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections#chainmap-examples-and-recipes"><code>ChainMap</code> Examples and Recipes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections#counter-objects"><code>Counter</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/collections#deque-objects"><code>deque</code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections#deque-recipes"><code>deque</code> Recipes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/collections#defaultdict-objects"><code>defaultdict</code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections#defaultdict-examples"><code>defaultdict</code> Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections#namedtuple-factory-function-for-tuples-with-named-fields"><code>namedtuple()</code> Factory Function for Tuples with Named Fields</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/collections#ordereddict-objects"><code>OrderedDict</code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections#ordereddict-examples-and-recipes"><code>OrderedDict</code> Examples and Recipes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections#userdict-objects"><code>UserDict</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections#userlist-objects"><code>UserList</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections#userstring-objects"><code>UserString</code> objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.abc"><code>collections.abc</code> — Abstract Base Classes for Containers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.abc#collections-abstract-base-classes">Collections Abstract Base Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.abc#collections-abstract-base-classes-detailed-descriptions">Collections Abstract Base Classes – Detailed Descriptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/collections.abc#examples-and-recipes">Examples and Recipes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq"><code>heapq</code> — Heap queue algorithm</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq#basic-examples">Basic Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq#priority-queue-implementation-notes">Priority Queue Implementation Notes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/heapq#theory">Theory</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect"><code>bisect</code> — Array bisection algorithm</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect#performance-notes">Performance Notes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect#searching-sorted-lists">Searching Sorted Lists</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bisect#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/array"><code>array</code> — Efficient arrays of numeric values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref"><code>weakref</code> — Weak references</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref#weak-reference-objects">Weak Reference Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref#example">Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref#finalizer-objects">Finalizer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/weakref#comparing-finalizers-with-del-methods">Comparing finalizers with <code>__del__()</code> methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/types"><code>types</code> — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types#dynamic-type-creation">Dynamic Type Creation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types#standard-interpreter-types">Standard Interpreter Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types#additional-utility-classes-and-functions">Additional Utility Classes and Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/types#coroutine-utility-functions">Coroutine Utility Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/copy"><code>copy</code> — Shallow and deep copy operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint"><code>pprint</code> — Data pretty printer</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint#prettyprinter-objects">PrettyPrinter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pprint#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/reprlib"><code>reprlib</code> — Alternate <code>repr()</code> implementation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/reprlib#repr-objects">Repr Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/reprlib#subclassing-repr-objects">Subclassing Repr Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/enum"><code>enum</code> — Support for enumerations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum#module-contents">Module Contents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/enum#data-types">Data Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum#supported-dunder-names">Supported <code>__dunder__</code> names</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum#supported-sunder-names">Supported <code>_sunder_</code> names</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum#utilities-and-decorators">Utilities and Decorators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/enum#notes">Notes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/graphlib"><code>graphlib</code> — Functionality to operate with graph-like structures</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/graphlib#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/numeric">Numeric and Mathematical Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers"><code>numbers</code> — Numeric abstract base classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers#the-numeric-tower">The numeric tower</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers#notes-for-type-implementors">Notes for type implementors</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers#adding-more-numeric-abcs">Adding More Numeric ABCs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/numbers#implementing-the-arithmetic-operations">Implementing the arithmetic operations</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/math"><code>math</code> — Mathematical functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math#number-theoretic-and-representation-functions">Number-theoretic and representation functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math#power-and-logarithmic-functions">Power and logarithmic functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math#trigonometric-functions">Trigonometric functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math#angular-conversion">Angular conversion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math#hyperbolic-functions">Hyperbolic functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math#special-functions">Special functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/math#constants">Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath"><code>cmath</code> — Mathematical functions for complex numbers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath#conversions-to-and-from-polar-coordinates">Conversions to and from polar coordinates</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath#power-and-logarithmic-functions">Power and logarithmic functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath#trigonometric-functions">Trigonometric functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath#hyperbolic-functions">Hyperbolic functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath#classification-functions">Classification functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmath#constants">Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal"><code>decimal</code> — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal#quick-start-tutorial">Quick-start Tutorial</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal#decimal-objects">Decimal objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal#logical-operands">Logical operands</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal#context-objects">Context objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal#constants">Constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal#rounding-modes">Rounding modes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal#signals">Signals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal#floating-point-notes">Floating Point Notes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal#mitigating-round-off-error-with-increased-precision">Mitigating round-off error with increased precision</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal#special-values">Special values</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal#working-with-threads">Working with threads</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal#recipes">Recipes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/decimal#decimal-faq">Decimal FAQ</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fractions"><code>fractions</code> — Rational numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/random"><code>random</code> — Generate pseudo-random numbers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random#bookkeeping-functions">Bookkeeping functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random#functions-for-bytes">Functions for bytes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random#functions-for-integers">Functions for integers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random#functions-for-sequences">Functions for sequences</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random#discrete-distributions">Discrete distributions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random#real-valued-distributions">Real-valued distributions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random#alternative-generator">Alternative Generator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random#notes-on-reproducibility">Notes on Reproducibility</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random#examples">Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/random#recipes">Recipes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics"><code>statistics</code> — Mathematical statistics functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics#averages-and-measures-of-central-location">Averages and measures of central location</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics#measures-of-spread">Measures of spread</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics#statistics-for-relations-between-two-inputs">Statistics for relations between two inputs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics#function-details">Function details</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics#normaldist-objects"><code>NormalDist</code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics#normaldist-examples-and-recipes"><code>NormalDist</code> Examples and Recipes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics#classic-probability-problems">Classic probability problems</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics#monte-carlo-inputs-for-simulations">Monte Carlo inputs for simulations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics#approximating-binomial-distributions">Approximating binomial distributions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics#naive-bayesian-classifier">Naive bayesian classifier</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/statistics#kernel-density-estimation">Kernel density estimation</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/functional">Functional Programming Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools"><code>itertools</code> — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools#itertool-functions">Itertool functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/itertools#itertools-recipes">Itertools Recipes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/functools"><code>functools</code> — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/functools#partial-objects"><code>partial</code> Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/operator"><code>operator</code> — Standard operators as functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/operator#mapping-operators-to-functions">Mapping Operators to Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/operator#in-place-operators">In-place Operators</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/filesys">File and Directory Access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib"><code>pathlib</code> — Object-oriented filesystem paths</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib#basic-use">Basic use</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib#pure-paths">Pure paths</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib#general-properties">General properties</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib#operators">Operators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib#accessing-individual-parts">Accessing individual parts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib#methods-and-properties">Methods and properties</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib#concrete-paths">Concrete paths</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib#methods">Methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pathlib#correspondence-to-tools-in-the-os-module">Correspondence to tools in the <code>os</code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os.path"><code>os.path</code> — Common pathname manipulations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fileinput"><code>fileinput</code> — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/stat"><code>stat</code> — Interpreting <code>stat()</code> results</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/filecmp"><code>filecmp</code> — File and Directory Comparisons</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/filecmp#the-dircmp-class">The <code>dircmp</code> class</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tempfile"><code>tempfile</code> — Generate temporary files and directories</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tempfile#examples">Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tempfile#deprecated-functions-and-variables">Deprecated functions and variables</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/glob"><code>glob</code> — Unix style pathname pattern expansion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fnmatch"><code>fnmatch</code> — Unix filename pattern matching</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/linecache"><code>linecache</code> — Random access to text lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil"><code>shutil</code> — High-level file operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil#directory-and-files-operations">Directory and files operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil#platform-dependent-efficient-copy-operations">Platform-dependent efficient copy operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil#copytree-example">copytree example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil#rmtree-example">rmtree example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil#archiving-operations">Archiving operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil#archiving-example">Archiving example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil#archiving-example-with-base-dir">Archiving example with base_dir</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shutil#querying-the-size-of-the-output-terminal">Querying the size of the output terminal</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/persistence">Data Persistence</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle"><code>pickle</code> — Python object serialization</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#relationship-to-other-python-modules">Relationship to other Python modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#comparison-with-marshal">Comparison with <code>marshal</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#comparison-with-json">Comparison with <code>json</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#data-stream-format">Data stream format</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#module-interface">Module Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#what-can-be-pickled-and-unpickled">What can be pickled and unpickled?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#pickling-class-instances">Pickling Class Instances</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#persistence-of-external-objects">Persistence of External Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#dispatch-tables">Dispatch Tables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#handling-stateful-objects">Handling Stateful Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#custom-reduction-for-types-functions-and-other-objects">Custom Reduction for Types, Functions, and Other Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#out-of-band-buffers">Out-of-band Buffers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#provider-api">Provider API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#consumer-api">Consumer API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#restricting-globals">Restricting Globals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#performance">Performance</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickle#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/copyreg"><code>copyreg</code> — Register <code>pickle</code> support functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/copyreg#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve"><code>shelve</code> — Python object persistence</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve#restrictions">Restrictions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shelve#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/marshal"><code>marshal</code> — Internal Python object serialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm"><code>dbm</code> — Interfaces to Unix “databases”</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm#module-dbm.gnu"><code>dbm.gnu</code> — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm#module-dbm.ndbm"><code>dbm.ndbm</code> — Interface based on ndbm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dbm#module-dbm.dumb"><code>dbm.dumb</code> — Portable DBM implementation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3"><code>sqlite3</code> — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#tutorial">Tutorial</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#reference">Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#module-functions">Module functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#module-constants">Module constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#connection-objects">Connection objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#cursor-objects">Cursor objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#row-objects">Row objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#blob-objects">Blob objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#prepareprotocol-objects">PrepareProtocol objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#sqlite-and-python-types">SQLite and Python types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#default-adapters-and-converters-deprecated">Default adapters and converters (deprecated)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#command-line-interface">Command-line interface</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#how-to-guides">How-to guides</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#how-to-use-placeholders-to-bind-values-in-sql-queries">How to use placeholders to bind values in SQL queries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#how-to-adapt-custom-python-types-to-sqlite-values">How to adapt custom Python types to SQLite values</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#how-to-write-adaptable-objects">How to write adaptable objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#how-to-register-adapter-callables">How to register adapter callables</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#how-to-convert-sqlite-values-to-custom-python-types">How to convert SQLite values to custom Python types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#adapter-and-converter-recipes">Adapter and converter recipes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#how-to-use-connection-shortcut-methods">How to use connection shortcut methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#how-to-use-the-connection-context-manager">How to use the connection context manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#how-to-work-with-sqlite-uris">How to work with SQLite URIs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#how-to-create-and-use-row-factories">How to create and use row factories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#how-to-handle-non-utf-8-text-encodings">How to handle non-UTF-8 text encodings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#explanation">Explanation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#transaction-control">Transaction control</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#transaction-control-via-the-autocommit-attribute">Transaction control via the <code>autocommit</code> attribute</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sqlite3#transaction-control-via-the-isolation-level-attribute">Transaction control via the <code>isolation_level</code> attribute</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/archiving">Data Compression and Archiving</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zlib"><code>zlib</code> — Compression compatible with <strong class="program">gzip</strong></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip"><code>gzip</code> — Support for <strong class="program">gzip</strong> files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip#examples-of-usage">Examples of usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip#command-line-interface">Command Line Interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gzip#command-line-options">Command line options</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2"><code>bz2</code> — Support for <strong class="program">bzip2</strong> compression</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2#de-compression-of-files">(De)compression of files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2#incremental-de-compression">Incremental (de)compression</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2#one-shot-de-compression">One-shot (de)compression</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bz2#examples-of-usage">Examples of usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma"><code>lzma</code> — Compression using the LZMA algorithm</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma#reading-and-writing-compressed-files">Reading and writing compressed files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma#compressing-and-decompressing-data-in-memory">Compressing and decompressing data in memory</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma#miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma#specifying-custom-filter-chains">Specifying custom filter chains</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/lzma#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile"><code>zipfile</code> — Work with ZIP archives</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile#zipfile-objects">ZipFile Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile#path-objects">Path Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile#pyzipfile-objects">PyZipFile Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile#zipinfo-objects">ZipInfo Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile#command-line-options">Command-line options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile#decompression-pitfalls">Decompression pitfalls</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile#from-file-itself">From file itself</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile#file-system-limitations">File System limitations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile#resources-limitations">Resources limitations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile#interruption">Interruption</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipfile#default-behaviors-of-extraction">Default behaviors of extraction</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile"><code>tarfile</code> — Read and write tar archive files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile#tarfile-objects">TarFile Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile#tarinfo-objects">TarInfo Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile#extraction-filters">Extraction filters</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile#default-named-filters">Default named filters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile#filter-errors">Filter errors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile#hints-for-further-verification">Hints for further verification</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile#supporting-older-python-versions">Supporting older Python versions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile#stateful-extraction-filter-example">Stateful extraction filter example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile#command-line-options">Command-line options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile#examples">Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile#supported-tar-formats">Supported tar formats</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tarfile#unicode-issues">Unicode issues</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/fileformats">File Formats</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/csv"><code>csv</code> — CSV File Reading and Writing</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv#module-contents">Module Contents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv#dialects-and-formatting-parameters">Dialects and Formatting Parameters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv#reader-objects">Reader Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv#writer-objects">Writer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/csv#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser"><code>configparser</code> — Configuration file parser</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser#quick-start">Quick Start</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser#supported-datatypes">Supported Datatypes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser#fallback-values">Fallback Values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser#supported-ini-file-structure">Supported INI File Structure</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser#interpolation-of-values">Interpolation of values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser#mapping-protocol-access">Mapping Protocol Access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser#customizing-parser-behaviour">Customizing Parser Behaviour</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser#legacy-api-examples">Legacy API Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser#configparser-objects">ConfigParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser#rawconfigparser-objects">RawConfigParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/configparser#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tomllib"><code>tomllib</code> — Parse TOML files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tomllib#examples">Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tomllib#conversion-table">Conversion Table</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/netrc"><code>netrc</code> — netrc file processing</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/netrc#netrc-objects">netrc Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/plistlib"><code>plistlib</code> — Generate and parse Apple <code>.plist</code> files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/plistlib#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/crypto">Cryptographic Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib"><code>hashlib</code> — Secure hashes and message digests</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#hash-algorithms">Hash algorithms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#usage">Usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#constructors">Constructors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#attributes">Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#hash-objects">Hash Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#shake-variable-length-digests">SHAKE variable length digests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#file-hashing">File hashing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#key-derivation">Key derivation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#blake2">BLAKE2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#creating-hash-objects">Creating hash objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#constants">Constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#examples">Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#simple-hashing">Simple hashing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#using-different-digest-sizes">Using different digest sizes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#keyed-hashing">Keyed hashing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#randomized-hashing">Randomized hashing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#personalization">Personalization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#tree-mode">Tree mode</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hashlib#credits">Credits</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/hmac"><code>hmac</code> — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets"><code>secrets</code> — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets#random-numbers">Random numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets#generating-tokens">Generating tokens</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets#how-many-bytes-should-tokens-use">How many bytes should tokens use?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets#other-functions">Other functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/secrets#recipes-and-best-practices">Recipes and best practices</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/allos">Generic Operating System Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/os"><code>os</code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os#file-names-command-line-arguments-and-environment-variables">File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os#python-utf-8-mode">Python UTF-8 Mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os#process-parameters">Process Parameters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os#file-object-creation">File Object Creation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/os#file-descriptor-operations">File Descriptor Operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os#querying-the-size-of-a-terminal">Querying the size of a terminal</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os#inheritance-of-file-descriptors">Inheritance of File Descriptors</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/os#files-and-directories">Files and Directories</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os#linux-extended-attributes">Linux extended attributes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os#process-management">Process Management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os#interface-to-the-scheduler">Interface to the scheduler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os#miscellaneous-system-information">Miscellaneous System Information</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/os#random-numbers">Random numbers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/io"><code>io</code> — Core tools for working with streams</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/io#overview">Overview</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io#text-i-o">Text I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io#binary-i-o">Binary I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io#raw-i-o">Raw I/O</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/io#text-encoding">Text Encoding</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io#opt-in-encodingwarning">Opt-in EncodingWarning</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io#high-level-module-interface">High-level Module Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/io#class-hierarchy">Class hierarchy</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io#i-o-base-classes">I/O Base Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io#raw-file-i-o">Raw File I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io#buffered-streams">Buffered Streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io#id1">Text I/O</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/io#performance">Performance</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io#id2">Binary I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io#id3">Text I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io#multi-threading">Multi-threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/io#reentrancy">Reentrancy</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/time"><code>time</code> — Time access and conversions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/time#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/time#clock-id-constants">Clock ID Constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/time#timezone-constants">Timezone Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse"><code>argparse</code> — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#core-functionality">Core Functionality</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#quick-links-for-add-argument">Quick Links for add_argument()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#example">Example</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#creating-a-parser">Creating a parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#adding-arguments">Adding arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#parsing-arguments">Parsing arguments</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#argumentparser-objects">ArgumentParser objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#prog">prog</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#usage">usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#description">description</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#epilog">epilog</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#parents">parents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#formatter-class">formatter_class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#prefix-chars">prefix_chars</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#fromfile-prefix-chars">fromfile_prefix_chars</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#argument-default">argument_default</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#allow-abbrev">allow_abbrev</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#conflict-handler">conflict_handler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#add-help">add_help</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#exit-on-error">exit_on_error</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#the-add-argument-method">The add_argument() method</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#name-or-flags">name or flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#action">action</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#nargs">nargs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#const">const</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#default">default</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#type">type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#choices">choices</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#required">required</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#help">help</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#metavar">metavar</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#dest">dest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#action-classes">Action classes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#the-parse-args-method">The parse_args() method</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#option-value-syntax">Option value syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#invalid-arguments">Invalid arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#arguments-containing">Arguments containing <code>-</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#argument-abbreviations-prefix-matching">Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#beyond-sys-argv">Beyond <code>sys.argv</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#the-namespace-object">The Namespace object</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#other-utilities">Other utilities</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#sub-commands">Sub-commands</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#filetype-objects">FileType objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#argument-groups">Argument groups</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#mutual-exclusion">Mutual exclusion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#parser-defaults">Parser defaults</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#printing-help">Printing help</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#partial-parsing">Partial parsing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#customizing-file-parsing">Customizing file parsing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#exiting-methods">Exiting methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#intermixed-parsing">Intermixed parsing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#upgrading-optparse-code">Upgrading optparse code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/argparse#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/getopt"><code>getopt</code> — C-style parser for command line options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/logging"><code>logging</code> — Logging facility for Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging#logger-objects">Logger Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging#logging-levels">Logging Levels</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging#handler-objects">Handler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging#formatter-objects">Formatter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging#filter-objects">Filter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging#logrecord-objects">LogRecord Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging#logrecord-attributes">LogRecord attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging#loggeradapter-objects">LoggerAdapter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging#thread-safety">Thread Safety</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging#module-level-functions">Module-Level Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging#module-level-attributes">Module-Level Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging#integration-with-the-warnings-module">Integration with the warnings module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config"><code>logging.config</code> — Logging configuration</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config#configuration-functions">Configuration functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config#security-considerations">Security considerations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config#configuration-dictionary-schema">Configuration dictionary schema</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config#dictionary-schema-details">Dictionary Schema Details</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config#incremental-configuration">Incremental Configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config#object-connections">Object connections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config#user-defined-objects">User-defined objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config#handler-configuration-order">Handler configuration order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config#access-to-external-objects">Access to external objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config#access-to-internal-objects">Access to internal objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config#import-resolution-and-custom-importers">Import resolution and custom importers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config#configuring-queuehandler-and-queuelistener">Configuring QueueHandler and QueueListener</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.config#configuration-file-format">Configuration file format</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers"><code>logging.handlers</code> — Logging handlers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers#streamhandler">StreamHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers#filehandler">FileHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers#nullhandler">NullHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers#watchedfilehandler">WatchedFileHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers#baserotatinghandler">BaseRotatingHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers#rotatingfilehandler">RotatingFileHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers#timedrotatingfilehandler">TimedRotatingFileHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers#sockethandler">SocketHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers#datagramhandler">DatagramHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers#sysloghandler">SysLogHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers#nteventloghandler">NTEventLogHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers#smtphandler">SMTPHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers#memoryhandler">MemoryHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers#httphandler">HTTPHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers#queuehandler">QueueHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/logging.handlers#queuelistener">QueueListener</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/getpass"><code>getpass</code> — Portable password input</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/curses"><code>curses</code> — Terminal handling for character-cell displays</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses#window-objects">Window Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses#constants">Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/curses#module-curses.textpad"><code>curses.textpad</code> — Text input widget for curses programs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses#textbox-objects">Textbox objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.ascii"><code>curses.ascii</code> — Utilities for ASCII characters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel"><code>curses.panel</code> — A panel stack extension for curses</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/curses.panel#panel-objects">Panel Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/platform"><code>platform</code> — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform#cross-platform">Cross Platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform#java-platform">Java Platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform#windows-platform">Windows Platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform#macos-platform">macOS Platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform#unix-platforms">Unix Platforms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/platform#linux-platforms">Linux Platforms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/errno"><code>errno</code> — Standard errno system symbols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes"><code>ctypes</code> — A foreign function library for Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#ctypes-tutorial">ctypes tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#loading-dynamic-link-libraries">Loading dynamic link libraries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#accessing-functions-from-loaded-dlls">Accessing functions from loaded dlls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#calling-functions">Calling functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#fundamental-data-types">Fundamental data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#calling-functions-continued">Calling functions, continued</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#calling-variadic-functions">Calling variadic functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#calling-functions-with-your-own-custom-data-types">Calling functions with your own custom data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#specifying-the-required-argument-types-function-prototypes">Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#return-types">Return types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#passing-pointers-or-passing-parameters-by-reference">Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#structures-and-unions">Structures and unions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#structure-union-alignment-and-byte-order">Structure/union alignment and byte order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#bit-fields-in-structures-and-unions">Bit fields in structures and unions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#arrays">Arrays</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#pointers">Pointers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#type-conversions">Type conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#incomplete-types">Incomplete Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#callback-functions">Callback functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#accessing-values-exported-from-dlls">Accessing values exported from dlls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#surprises">Surprises</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#variable-sized-data-types">Variable-sized data types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#ctypes-reference">ctypes reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#finding-shared-libraries">Finding shared libraries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#loading-shared-libraries">Loading shared libraries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#foreign-functions">Foreign functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#function-prototypes">Function prototypes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#utility-functions">Utility functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#data-types">Data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#ctypes-fundamental-data-types-2">Fundamental data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#structured-data-types">Structured data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ctypes#arrays-and-pointers">Arrays and pointers</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrency">Concurrent Execution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/threading"><code>threading</code> — Thread-based parallelism</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading#thread-local-data">Thread-Local Data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading#thread-objects">Thread Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading#lock-objects">Lock Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading#rlock-objects">RLock Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading#condition-objects">Condition Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/threading#semaphore-objects">Semaphore Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading#semaphore-example"><code>Semaphore</code> Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading#event-objects">Event Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading#timer-objects">Timer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading#barrier-objects">Barrier Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/threading#using-locks-conditions-and-semaphores-in-the-with-statement">Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the <code>with</code> statement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing"><code>multiprocessing</code> — Process-based parallelism</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#introduction">Introduction</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#the-process-class">The <code>Process</code> class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#contexts-and-start-methods">Contexts and start methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#exchanging-objects-between-processes">Exchanging objects between processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#synchronization-between-processes">Synchronization between processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#sharing-state-between-processes">Sharing state between processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#using-a-pool-of-workers">Using a pool of workers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#reference">Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#process-and-exceptions"><code>Process</code> and exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#pipes-and-queues">Pipes and Queues</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#connection-objects">Connection Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#synchronization-primitives">Synchronization primitives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#shared-ctypes-objects">Shared <code>ctypes</code> Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#module-multiprocessing.sharedctypes">The <code>multiprocessing.sharedctypes</code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#managers">Managers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#customized-managers">Customized managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#using-a-remote-manager">Using a remote manager</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#proxy-objects">Proxy Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#cleanup">Cleanup</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#module-multiprocessing.pool">Process Pools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#module-multiprocessing.connection">Listeners and Clients</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#address-formats">Address Formats</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#authentication-keys">Authentication keys</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#logging">Logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#module-multiprocessing.dummy">The <code>multiprocessing.dummy</code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#programming-guidelines">Programming guidelines</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#all-start-methods">All start methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#the-spawn-and-forkserver-start-methods">The spawn and forkserver start methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/multiprocessing.shared_memory"><code>multiprocessing.shared_memory</code> — Shared memory for direct access across processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent">The <code>concurrent</code> package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures"><code>concurrent.futures</code> — Launching parallel tasks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures#executor-objects">Executor Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures#threadpoolexecutor">ThreadPoolExecutor</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures#threadpoolexecutor-example">ThreadPoolExecutor Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures#processpoolexecutor">ProcessPoolExecutor</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures#processpoolexecutor-example">ProcessPoolExecutor Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures#future-objects">Future Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures#module-functions">Module Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/concurrent.futures#exception-classes">Exception classes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess"><code>subprocess</code> — Subprocess management</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#using-the-subprocess-module">Using the <code>subprocess</code> Module</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#frequently-used-arguments">Frequently Used Arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#popen-constructor">Popen Constructor</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#security-considerations">Security Considerations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#popen-objects">Popen Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#windows-popen-helpers">Windows Popen Helpers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#windows-constants">Windows Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#older-high-level-api">Older high-level API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#replacing-older-functions-with-the-subprocess-module">Replacing Older Functions with the <code>subprocess</code> Module</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#replacing-bin-sh-shell-command-substitution">Replacing <strong class="program">/bin/sh</strong> shell command substitution</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#replacing-shell-pipeline">Replacing shell pipeline</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#replacing-os-system">Replacing <code>os.system()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#replacing-the-os-spawn-family">Replacing the <code>os.spawn</code> family</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#replacing-os-popen-os-popen2-os-popen3">Replacing <code>os.popen()</code>, <code>os.popen2()</code>, <code>os.popen3()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#replacing-functions-from-the-popen2-module">Replacing functions from the <code>popen2</code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#legacy-shell-invocation-functions">Legacy Shell Invocation Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#notes">Notes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#converting-an-argument-sequence-to-a-string-on-windows">Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/subprocess#disabling-use-of-vfork-or-posix-spawn">Disabling use of <code>vfork()</code> or <code>posix_spawn()</code></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/sched"><code>sched</code> — Event scheduler</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sched#scheduler-objects">Scheduler Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/queue"><code>queue</code> — A synchronized queue class</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/queue#queue-objects">Queue Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/queue#simplequeue-objects">SimpleQueue Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/contextvars"><code>contextvars</code> — Context Variables</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextvars#context-variables">Context Variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextvars#manual-context-management">Manual Context Management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextvars#asyncio-support">asyncio support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/_thread"><code>_thread</code> — Low-level threading API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ipc">Networking and Interprocess Communication</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio"><code>asyncio</code> — Asynchronous I/O</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-runner">Runners</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-runner#running-an-asyncio-program">Running an asyncio Program</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-runner#runner-context-manager">Runner context manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-runner#handling-keyboard-interruption">Handling Keyboard Interruption</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task">Coroutines and Tasks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task#coroutines">Coroutines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task#awaitables">Awaitables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task#creating-tasks">Creating Tasks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task#task-cancellation">Task Cancellation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task#task-groups">Task Groups</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task#sleeping">Sleeping</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task#running-tasks-concurrently">Running Tasks Concurrently</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task#eager-task-factory">Eager Task Factory</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task#shielding-from-cancellation">Shielding From Cancellation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task#timeouts">Timeouts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task#waiting-primitives">Waiting Primitives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task#running-in-threads">Running in Threads</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task#scheduling-from-other-threads">Scheduling From Other Threads</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task#introspection">Introspection</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-task#task-object">Task Object</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream">Streams</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream#streamreader">StreamReader</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream#streamwriter">StreamWriter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream#examples">Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream#tcp-echo-client-using-streams">TCP echo client using streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream#tcp-echo-server-using-streams">TCP echo server using streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream#get-http-headers">Get HTTP headers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-stream#register-an-open-socket-to-wait-for-data-using-streams">Register an open socket to wait for data using streams</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync">Synchronization Primitives</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync#lock">Lock</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync#event">Event</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync#condition">Condition</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync#semaphore">Semaphore</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync#boundedsemaphore">BoundedSemaphore</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-sync#barrier">Barrier</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess">Subprocesses</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess#creating-subprocesses">Creating Subprocesses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess#constants">Constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess#interacting-with-subprocesses">Interacting with Subprocesses</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess#subprocess-and-threads">Subprocess and Threads</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-subprocess#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue">Queues</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue#queue">Queue</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue#priority-queue">Priority Queue</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue#lifo-queue">LIFO Queue</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-queue#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop">Event Loop</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#event-loop-methods">Event Loop Methods</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#running-and-stopping-the-loop">Running and stopping the loop</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#scheduling-callbacks">Scheduling callbacks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#scheduling-delayed-callbacks">Scheduling delayed callbacks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#creating-futures-and-tasks">Creating Futures and Tasks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#opening-network-connections">Opening network connections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#creating-network-servers">Creating network servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#transferring-files">Transferring files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#tls-upgrade">TLS Upgrade</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#watching-file-descriptors">Watching file descriptors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#working-with-socket-objects-directly">Working with socket objects directly</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#dns">DNS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#working-with-pipes">Working with pipes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#unix-signals">Unix signals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#executing-code-in-thread-or-process-pools">Executing code in thread or process pools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#error-handling-api">Error Handling API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#enabling-debug-mode">Enabling debug mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#running-subprocesses">Running Subprocesses</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#callback-handles">Callback Handles</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#server-objects">Server Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#event-loop-implementations">Event Loop Implementations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#examples">Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#hello-world-with-call-soon">Hello World with call_soon()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#display-the-current-date-with-call-later">Display the current date with call_later()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#watch-a-file-descriptor-for-read-events">Watch a file descriptor for read events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-eventloop#set-signal-handlers-for-sigint-and-sigterm">Set signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-future">Futures</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-future#future-functions">Future Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-future#future-object">Future Object</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol">Transports and Protocols</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#transports">Transports</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#transports-hierarchy">Transports Hierarchy</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#base-transport">Base Transport</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#read-only-transports">Read-only Transports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#write-only-transports">Write-only Transports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#datagram-transports">Datagram Transports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#subprocess-transports">Subprocess Transports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#protocols">Protocols</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#base-protocols">Base Protocols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#base-protocol">Base Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#streaming-protocols">Streaming Protocols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#buffered-streaming-protocols">Buffered Streaming Protocols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#datagram-protocols">Datagram Protocols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#subprocess-protocols">Subprocess Protocols</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#examples">Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#tcp-echo-server">TCP Echo Server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#tcp-echo-client">TCP Echo Client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#udp-echo-server">UDP Echo Server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#udp-echo-client">UDP Echo Client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#connecting-existing-sockets">Connecting Existing Sockets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-protocol#loop-subprocess-exec-and-subprocessprotocol">loop.subprocess_exec() and SubprocessProtocol</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-policy">Policies</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-policy#getting-and-setting-the-policy">Getting and Setting the Policy</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-policy#policy-objects">Policy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-policy#process-watchers">Process Watchers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-policy#custom-policies">Custom Policies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-platforms">Platform Support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-platforms#all-platforms">All Platforms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-platforms#windows">Windows</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-platforms#subprocess-support-on-windows">Subprocess Support on Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-platforms#macos">macOS</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-extending">Extending</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-extending#writing-a-custom-event-loop">Writing a Custom Event Loop</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-extending#future-and-task-private-constructors">Future and Task private constructors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-extending#task-lifetime-support">Task lifetime support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index">High-level API Index</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index#tasks">Tasks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index#queues">Queues</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index#subprocesses">Subprocesses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index#streams">Streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index#synchronization">Synchronization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-api-index#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index">Low-level API Index</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index#obtaining-the-event-loop">Obtaining the Event Loop</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index#event-loop-methods">Event Loop Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index#transports">Transports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index#protocols">Protocols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-llapi-index#event-loop-policies">Event Loop Policies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev">Developing with asyncio</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev#debug-mode">Debug Mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev#concurrency-and-multithreading">Concurrency and Multithreading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev#running-blocking-code">Running Blocking Code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev#logging">Logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev#detect-never-awaited-coroutines">Detect never-awaited coroutines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/asyncio-dev#detect-never-retrieved-exceptions">Detect never-retrieved exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/socket"><code>socket</code> — Low-level networking interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket#socket-families">Socket families</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/socket#module-contents">Module contents</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket#constants">Constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/socket#functions">Functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket#creating-sockets">Creating sockets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket#other-functions">Other functions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket#socket-objects">Socket Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/socket#notes-on-socket-timeouts">Notes on socket timeouts</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket#timeouts-and-the-connect-method">Timeouts and the <code>connect</code> method</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket#timeouts-and-the-accept-method">Timeouts and the <code>accept</code> method</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socket#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl"><code>ssl</code> — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#functions-constants-and-exceptions">Functions, Constants, and Exceptions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#socket-creation">Socket creation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#context-creation">Context creation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#random-generation">Random generation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#certificate-handling">Certificate handling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#constants">Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#ssl-sockets">SSL Sockets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#ssl-contexts">SSL Contexts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#certificates">Certificates</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#certificate-chains">Certificate chains</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#ca-certificates">CA certificates</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#combined-key-and-certificate">Combined key and certificate</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#self-signed-certificates">Self-signed certificates</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#examples">Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#testing-for-ssl-support">Testing for SSL support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#client-side-operation">Client-side operation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#server-side-operation">Server-side operation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#notes-on-non-blocking-sockets">Notes on non-blocking sockets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#memory-bio-support">Memory BIO Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#ssl-session">SSL session</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#security-considerations">Security considerations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#best-defaults">Best defaults</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#manual-settings">Manual settings</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#verifying-certificates">Verifying certificates</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#protocol-versions">Protocol versions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#cipher-selection">Cipher selection</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#multi-processing">Multi-processing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ssl#tls-1-3">TLS 1.3</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/select"><code>select</code> — Waiting for I/O completion</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select#dev-poll-polling-objects"><code>/dev/poll</code> Polling Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select#edge-and-level-trigger-polling-epoll-objects">Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select#polling-objects">Polling Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select#kqueue-objects">Kqueue Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/select#kevent-objects">Kevent Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/selectors"><code>selectors</code> — High-level I/O multiplexing</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/selectors#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/selectors#classes">Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/selectors#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/signal"><code>signal</code> — Set handlers for asynchronous events</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/signal#general-rules">General rules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal#execution-of-python-signal-handlers">Execution of Python signal handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal#signals-and-threads">Signals and threads</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal#module-contents">Module contents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal#examples">Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal#note-on-sigpipe">Note on SIGPIPE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/signal#note-on-signal-handlers-and-exceptions">Note on Signal Handlers and Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/mmap"><code>mmap</code> — Memory-mapped file support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mmap#madv-constants">MADV_* Constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mmap#map-constants">MAP_* Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/netdata">Internet Data Handling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/email"><code>email</code> — An email and MIME handling package</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.message"><code>email.message</code>: Representing an email message</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser"><code>email.parser</code>: Parsing email messages</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser#feedparser-api">FeedParser API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser#parser-api">Parser API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.parser#additional-notes">Additional notes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.generator"><code>email.generator</code>: Generating MIME documents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.policy"><code>email.policy</code>: Policy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.errors"><code>email.errors</code>: Exception and Defect classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.headerregistry"><code>email.headerregistry</code>: Custom Header Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/email.contentmanager"><code>email.contentmanager</code>: Managing MIME Content</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.contentmanager#content-manager-instances">Content Manager Instances</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.examples"><code>email</code>: Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.compat32-message"><code>email.message.Message</code>: Representing an email message using the <code>compat32</code> API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.mime"><code>email.mime</code>: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.header"><code>email.header</code>: Internationalized headers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.charset"><code>email.charset</code>: Representing character sets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.encoders"><code>email.encoders</code>: Encoders</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.utils"><code>email.utils</code>: Miscellaneous utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/email.iterators"><code>email.iterators</code>: Iterators</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/json"><code>json</code> — JSON encoder and decoder</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json#basic-usage">Basic Usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json#encoders-and-decoders">Encoders and Decoders</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/json#standard-compliance-and-interoperability">Standard Compliance and Interoperability</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json#character-encodings">Character Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json#infinite-and-nan-number-values">Infinite and NaN Number Values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json#repeated-names-within-an-object">Repeated Names Within an Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json#top-level-non-object-non-array-values">Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json#implementation-limitations">Implementation Limitations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/json#module-json.tool">Command Line Interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/json#command-line-options">Command line options</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox"><code>mailbox</code> — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox#mailbox-objects"><code>Mailbox</code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox#maildir-objects"><code>Maildir</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox#mbox-objects"><code>mbox</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox#mh-objects"><code>MH</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox#babyl-objects"><code>Babyl</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox#mmdf-objects"><code>MMDF</code> objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox#message-objects"><code>Message</code> objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox#maildirmessage-objects"><code>MaildirMessage</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox#mboxmessage-objects"><code>mboxMessage</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox#mhmessage-objects"><code>MHMessage</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox#babylmessage-objects"><code>BabylMessage</code> objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox#mmdfmessage-objects"><code>MMDFMessage</code> objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailbox#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/mimetypes"><code>mimetypes</code> — Map filenames to MIME types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mimetypes#mimetypes-objects">MimeTypes Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/base64"><code>base64</code> — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/base64#security-considerations">Security Considerations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/binascii"><code>binascii</code> — Convert between binary and ASCII</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/quopri"><code>quopri</code> — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/markup">Structured Markup Processing Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html"><code>html</code> — HyperText Markup Language support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser"><code>html.parser</code> — Simple HTML and XHTML parser</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser#example-html-parser-application">Example HTML Parser Application</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser#htmlparser-methods"><code>HTMLParser</code> Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.parser#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/html.entities"><code>html.entities</code> — Definitions of HTML general entities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xml">XML Processing Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml#xml-vulnerabilities">XML vulnerabilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml#the-defusedxml-package">The <code>defusedxml</code> Package</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree"><code>xml.etree.ElementTree</code> — The ElementTree XML API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#tutorial">Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#xml-tree-and-elements">XML tree and elements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#parsing-xml">Parsing XML</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#pull-api-for-non-blocking-parsing">Pull API for non-blocking parsing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#finding-interesting-elements">Finding interesting elements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#modifying-an-xml-file">Modifying an XML File</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#building-xml-documents">Building XML documents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#parsing-xml-with-namespaces">Parsing XML with Namespaces</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#xpath-support">XPath support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#example">Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#supported-xpath-syntax">Supported XPath syntax</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#reference">Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#functions">Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#xinclude-support">XInclude support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#id3">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#id4">Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#elementinclude-functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#element-objects">Element Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#elementtree-objects">ElementTree Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#qname-objects">QName Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#treebuilder-objects">TreeBuilder Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#xmlparser-objects">XMLParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#xmlpullparser-objects">XMLPullParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.etree.elementtree#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom"><code>xml.dom</code> — The Document Object Model API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom#module-contents">Module Contents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom#objects-in-the-dom">Objects in the DOM</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom#domimplementation-objects">DOMImplementation Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom#node-objects">Node Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom#nodelist-objects">NodeList Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom#documenttype-objects">DocumentType Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom#document-objects">Document Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom#element-objects">Element Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom#attr-objects">Attr Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom#namednodemap-objects">NamedNodeMap Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom#comment-objects">Comment Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom#text-and-cdatasection-objects">Text and CDATASection Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom#processinginstruction-objects">ProcessingInstruction Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom#conformance">Conformance</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom#type-mapping">Type Mapping</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom#accessor-methods">Accessor Methods</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom"><code>xml.dom.minidom</code> — Minimal DOM implementation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom#dom-objects">DOM Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom#dom-example">DOM Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.minidom#minidom-and-the-dom-standard">minidom and the DOM standard</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.pulldom"><code>xml.dom.pulldom</code> — Support for building partial DOM trees</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.dom.pulldom#domeventstream-objects">DOMEventStream Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax"><code>xml.sax</code> — Support for SAX2 parsers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax#saxexception-objects">SAXException Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler"><code>xml.sax.handler</code> — Base classes for SAX handlers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler#contenthandler-objects">ContentHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler#dtdhandler-objects">DTDHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler#entityresolver-objects">EntityResolver Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler#errorhandler-objects">ErrorHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.handler#lexicalhandler-objects">LexicalHandler Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.utils"><code>xml.sax.saxutils</code> — SAX Utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader"><code>xml.sax.xmlreader</code> — Interface for XML parsers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader#xmlreader-objects">XMLReader Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader#incrementalparser-objects">IncrementalParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader#locator-objects">Locator Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader#inputsource-objects">InputSource Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader#the-attributes-interface">The <code>Attributes</code> Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xml.sax.reader#the-attributesns-interface">The <code>AttributesNS</code> Interface</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat"><code>xml.parsers.expat</code> — Fast XML parsing using Expat</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat#xmlparser-objects">XMLParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat#expaterror-exceptions">ExpatError Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat#example">Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat#module-xml.parsers.expat.model">Content Model Descriptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyexpat#module-xml.parsers.expat.errors">Expat error constants</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/internet">Internet Protocols and Support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/webbrowser"><code>webbrowser</code> — Convenient web-browser controller</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/webbrowser#browser-controller-objects">Browser Controller Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref"><code>wsgiref</code> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref#module-wsgiref.util"><code>wsgiref.util</code> – WSGI environment utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref#module-wsgiref.headers"><code>wsgiref.headers</code> – WSGI response header tools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref#module-wsgiref.simple_server"><code>wsgiref.simple_server</code> – a simple WSGI HTTP server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref#module-wsgiref.validate"><code>wsgiref.validate</code> — WSGI conformance checker</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref#module-wsgiref.handlers"><code>wsgiref.handlers</code> – server/gateway base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref#module-wsgiref.types"><code>wsgiref.types</code> – WSGI types for static type checking</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wsgiref#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib"><code>urllib</code> — URL handling modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request"><code>urllib.request</code> — Extensible library for opening URLs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#request-objects">Request Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#openerdirector-objects">OpenerDirector Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#basehandler-objects">BaseHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#httpredirecthandler-objects">HTTPRedirectHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#httpcookieprocessor-objects">HTTPCookieProcessor Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#proxyhandler-objects">ProxyHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#httppasswordmgr-objects">HTTPPasswordMgr Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#httppasswordmgrwithpriorauth-objects">HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#abstractbasicauthhandler-objects">AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#httpbasicauthhandler-objects">HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#proxybasicauthhandler-objects">ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#abstractdigestauthhandler-objects">AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#httpdigestauthhandler-objects">HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#proxydigestauthhandler-objects">ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#httphandler-objects">HTTPHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#httpshandler-objects">HTTPSHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#filehandler-objects">FileHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#datahandler-objects">DataHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#ftphandler-objects">FTPHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#cacheftphandler-objects">CacheFTPHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#unknownhandler-objects">UnknownHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#httperrorprocessor-objects">HTTPErrorProcessor Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#examples">Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#legacy-interface">Legacy interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#urllib-request-restrictions"><code>urllib.request</code> Restrictions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.request#module-urllib.response"><code>urllib.response</code> — Response classes used by urllib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse"><code>urllib.parse</code> — Parse URLs into components</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse#url-parsing">URL Parsing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse#url-parsing-security">URL parsing security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse#parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes">Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse#structured-parse-results">Structured Parse Results</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.parse#url-quoting">URL Quoting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.error"><code>urllib.error</code> — Exception classes raised by urllib.request</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/urllib.robotparser"><code>urllib.robotparser</code> — Parser for robots.txt</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/http"><code>http</code> — HTTP modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http#http-status-codes">HTTP status codes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http#http-status-category">HTTP status category</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http#http-methods">HTTP methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client"><code>http.client</code> — HTTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client#httpconnection-objects">HTTPConnection Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client#httpresponse-objects">HTTPResponse Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client#examples">Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.client#httpmessage-objects">HTTPMessage Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib"><code>ftplib</code> — FTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib#ftp-objects">FTP Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ftplib#ftp-tls-objects">FTP_TLS Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib"><code>poplib</code> — POP3 protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib#pop3-objects">POP3 Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/poplib#pop3-example">POP3 Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib"><code>imaplib</code> — IMAP4 protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib#imap4-objects">IMAP4 Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imaplib#imap4-example">IMAP4 Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib"><code>smtplib</code> — SMTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib#smtp-objects">SMTP Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/smtplib#smtp-example">SMTP Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid"><code>uuid</code> — UUID objects according to <strong>RFC 4122</strong></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid#command-line-usage">Command-Line Usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid#example">Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uuid#command-line-example">Command-Line Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver"><code>socketserver</code> — A framework for network servers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver#server-creation-notes">Server Creation Notes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver#server-objects">Server Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver#request-handler-objects">Request Handler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver#examples">Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver#socketserver-tcpserver-example"><code>socketserver.TCPServer</code> Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver#socketserver-udpserver-example"><code>socketserver.UDPServer</code> Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/socketserver#asynchronous-mixins">Asynchronous Mixins</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/http.server"><code>http.server</code> — HTTP servers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.server#security-considerations">Security Considerations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies"><code>http.cookies</code> — HTTP state management</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies#cookie-objects">Cookie Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies#morsel-objects">Morsel Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookies#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar"><code>http.cookiejar</code> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar#cookiejar-and-filecookiejar-objects">CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar#filecookiejar-subclasses-and-co-operation-with-web-browsers">FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar#cookiepolicy-objects">CookiePolicy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar#defaultcookiepolicy-objects">DefaultCookiePolicy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar#cookie-objects">Cookie Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/http.cookiejar#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc"><code>xmlrpc</code> — XMLRPC server and client modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client"><code>xmlrpc.client</code> — XML-RPC client access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client#serverproxy-objects">ServerProxy Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client#datetime-objects">DateTime Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client#binary-objects">Binary Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client#fault-objects">Fault Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client#protocolerror-objects">ProtocolError Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client#multicall-objects">MultiCall Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client#convenience-functions">Convenience Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client#example-of-client-usage">Example of Client Usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.client#example-of-client-and-server-usage">Example of Client and Server Usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server"><code>xmlrpc.server</code> — Basic XML-RPC servers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server#simplexmlrpcserver-objects">SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server#simplexmlrpcserver-example">SimpleXMLRPCServer Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server#cgixmlrpcrequesthandler">CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server#documenting-xmlrpc-server">Documenting XMLRPC server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server#docxmlrpcserver-objects">DocXMLRPCServer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xmlrpc.server#doccgixmlrpcrequesthandler">DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress"><code>ipaddress</code> — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#convenience-factory-functions">Convenience factory functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#ip-addresses">IP Addresses</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#address-objects">Address objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#conversion-to-strings-and-integers">Conversion to Strings and Integers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#operators">Operators</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#comparison-operators">Comparison operators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#arithmetic-operators">Arithmetic operators</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#ip-network-definitions">IP Network definitions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#prefix-net-mask-and-host-mask">Prefix, net mask and host mask</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#network-objects">Network objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#id1">Operators</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#logical-operators">Logical operators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#iteration">Iteration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#networks-as-containers-of-addresses">Networks as containers of addresses</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#interface-objects">Interface objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#id2">Operators</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#id3">Logical operators</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#other-module-level-functions">Other Module Level Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ipaddress#custom-exceptions">Custom Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/mm">Multimedia Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/wave"><code>wave</code> — Read and write WAV files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wave#wave-read-objects">Wave_read Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/wave#wave-write-objects">Wave_write Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/colorsys"><code>colorsys</code> — Conversions between color systems</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/i18n">Internationalization</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext"><code>gettext</code> — Multilingual internationalization services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext#gnu-gettext-api">GNU <strong class="program">gettext</strong> API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext#class-based-api">Class-based API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext#the-nulltranslations-class">The <code>NullTranslations</code> class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext#the-gnutranslations-class">The <code>GNUTranslations</code> class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext#solaris-message-catalog-support">Solaris message catalog support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext#the-catalog-constructor">The Catalog constructor</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext#internationalizing-your-programs-and-modules">Internationalizing your programs and modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext#localizing-your-module">Localizing your module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext#localizing-your-application">Localizing your application</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext#changing-languages-on-the-fly">Changing languages on the fly</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext#deferred-translations">Deferred translations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gettext#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/locale"><code>locale</code> — Internationalization services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale#background-details-hints-tips-and-caveats">Background, details, hints, tips and caveats</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale#for-extension-writers-and-programs-that-embed-python">For extension writers and programs that embed Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/locale#access-to-message-catalogs">Access to message catalogs</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/frameworks">Program Frameworks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle"><code>turtle</code> — Turtle graphics</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#tutorial">Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#starting-a-turtle-environment">Starting a turtle environment</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#basic-drawing">Basic drawing</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#pen-control">Pen control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#the-turtle-s-position">The turtle’s position</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#making-algorithmic-patterns">Making algorithmic patterns</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#how-to">How to…</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#get-started-as-quickly-as-possible">Get started as quickly as possible</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#use-the-turtle-module-namespace">Use the <code>turtle</code> module namespace</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#use-turtle-graphics-in-a-script">Use turtle graphics in a script</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#use-object-oriented-turtle-graphics">Use object-oriented turtle graphics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#turtle-graphics-reference">Turtle graphics reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#turtle-methods">Turtle methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen">Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions">Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#turtle-motion">Turtle motion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#tell-turtle-s-state">Tell Turtle’s state</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#settings-for-measurement">Settings for measurement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#id1">Pen control</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#drawing-state">Drawing state</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#color-control">Color control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#filling">Filling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#more-drawing-control">More drawing control</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#turtle-state">Turtle state</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#visibility">Visibility</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#appearance">Appearance</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#using-events">Using events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#special-turtle-methods">Special Turtle methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#compound-shapes">Compound shapes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen-and-corresponding-functions">Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#window-control">Window control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#animation-control">Animation control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#using-screen-events">Using screen events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#input-methods">Input methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#settings-and-special-methods">Settings and special methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#methods-specific-to-screen-not-inherited-from-turtlescreen">Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#public-classes">Public classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#explanation">Explanation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#help-and-configuration">Help and configuration</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#how-to-use-help">How to use help</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#translation-of-docstrings-into-different-languages">Translation of docstrings into different languages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#how-to-configure-screen-and-turtles">How to configure Screen and Turtles</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#module-turtledemo"><code>turtledemo</code> — Demo scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#changes-since-python-2-6">Changes since Python 2.6</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/turtle#changes-since-python-3-0">Changes since Python 3.0</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/cmd"><code>cmd</code> — Support for line-oriented command interpreters</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmd#cmd-objects">Cmd Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmd#cmd-example">Cmd Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex"><code>shlex</code> — Simple lexical analysis</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex#shlex-objects">shlex Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex#parsing-rules">Parsing Rules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/shlex#improved-compatibility-with-shells">Improved Compatibility with Shells</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tk">Graphical User Interfaces with Tk</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter"><code>tkinter</code> — Python interface to Tcl/Tk</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#tkinter-modules">Tkinter Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#tkinter-life-preserver">Tkinter Life Preserver</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#a-hello-world-program">A Hello World Program</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#important-tk-concepts">Important Tk Concepts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#understanding-how-tkinter-wraps-tcl-tk">Understanding How Tkinter Wraps Tcl/Tk</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#how-do-i-what-option-does">How do I…? What option does…?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#navigating-the-tcl-tk-reference-manual">Navigating the Tcl/Tk Reference Manual</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#threading-model">Threading model</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#handy-reference">Handy Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#setting-options">Setting Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#the-packer">The Packer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#packer-options">Packer Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#coupling-widget-variables">Coupling Widget Variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#the-window-manager">The Window Manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#tk-option-data-types">Tk Option Data Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#bindings-and-events">Bindings and Events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#the-index-parameter">The index Parameter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#images">Images</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter#file-handlers">File Handlers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.colorchooser"><code>tkinter.colorchooser</code> — Color choosing dialog</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.font"><code>tkinter.font</code> — Tkinter font wrapper</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/dialog">Tkinter Dialogs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dialog#module-tkinter.simpledialog"><code>tkinter.simpledialog</code> — Standard Tkinter input dialogs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/dialog#module-tkinter.filedialog"><code>tkinter.filedialog</code> — File selection dialogs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dialog#native-load-save-dialogs">Native Load/Save Dialogs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dialog#module-tkinter.commondialog"><code>tkinter.commondialog</code> — Dialog window templates</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.messagebox"><code>tkinter.messagebox</code> — Tkinter message prompts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.scrolledtext"><code>tkinter.scrolledtext</code> — Scrolled Text Widget</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.dnd"><code>tkinter.dnd</code> — Drag and drop support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk"><code>tkinter.ttk</code> — Tk themed widgets</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#using-ttk">Using Ttk</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#ttk-widgets">Ttk Widgets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#widget">Widget</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#standard-options">Standard Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#scrollable-widget-options">Scrollable Widget Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#label-options">Label Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#compatibility-options">Compatibility Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#widget-states">Widget States</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#ttk-widget">ttk.Widget</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#combobox">Combobox</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#options">Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#virtual-events">Virtual events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#ttk-combobox">ttk.Combobox</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#spinbox">Spinbox</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#id1">Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#id2">Virtual events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#ttk-spinbox">ttk.Spinbox</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#notebook">Notebook</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#id3">Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#tab-options">Tab Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#tab-identifiers">Tab Identifiers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#id4">Virtual Events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#ttk-notebook">ttk.Notebook</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#progressbar">Progressbar</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#id5">Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#ttk-progressbar">ttk.Progressbar</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#separator">Separator</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#id6">Options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#sizegrip">Sizegrip</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#platform-specific-notes">Platform-specific notes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#bugs">Bugs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#treeview">Treeview</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#id7">Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#item-options">Item Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#tag-options">Tag Options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#column-identifiers">Column Identifiers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#id8">Virtual Events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#ttk-treeview">ttk.Treeview</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#ttk-styling">Ttk Styling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.ttk#layouts">Layouts</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix"><code>tkinter.tix</code> — Extension widgets for Tk</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix#using-tix">Using Tix</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix#tix-widgets">Tix Widgets</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix#basic-widgets">Basic Widgets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix#file-selectors">File Selectors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix#hierarchical-listbox">Hierarchical ListBox</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix#tabular-listbox">Tabular ListBox</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix#manager-widgets">Manager Widgets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix#image-types">Image Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix#miscellaneous-widgets">Miscellaneous Widgets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix#form-geometry-manager">Form Geometry Manager</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tkinter.tix#tix-commands">Tix Commands</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/idle">IDLE</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#menus">Menus</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#file-menu-shell-and-editor">File menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#edit-menu-shell-and-editor">Edit menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#format-menu-editor-window-only">Format menu (Editor window only)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#run-menu-editor-window-only">Run menu (Editor window only)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#shell-menu-shell-window-only">Shell menu (Shell window only)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#debug-menu-shell-window-only">Debug menu (Shell window only)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#options-menu-shell-and-editor">Options menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#window-menu-shell-and-editor">Window menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#help-menu-shell-and-editor">Help menu (Shell and Editor)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#context-menus">Context menus</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#editing-and-navigation">Editing and Navigation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#editor-windows">Editor windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#key-bindings">Key bindings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#automatic-indentation">Automatic indentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#search-and-replace">Search and Replace</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#completions">Completions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#calltips">Calltips</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#code-context">Code Context</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#shell-window">Shell window</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#text-colors">Text colors</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#startup-and-code-execution">Startup and Code Execution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#command-line-usage">Command line usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#startup-failure">Startup failure</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#running-user-code">Running user code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#user-output-in-shell">User output in Shell</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#developing-tkinter-applications">Developing tkinter applications</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#running-without-a-subprocess">Running without a subprocess</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#help-and-preferences">Help and Preferences</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#help-sources">Help sources</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#setting-preferences">Setting preferences</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#idle-on-macos">IDLE on macOS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#extensions">Extensions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/idle#module-idlelib">idlelib</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/development">Development Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/typing"><code>typing</code> — Support for type hints</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#relevant-peps">Relevant PEPs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#type-aliases">Type aliases</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#newtype">NewType</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#annotating-callable-objects">Annotating callable objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#generics">Generics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#annotating-tuples">Annotating tuples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#the-type-of-class-objects">The type of class objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#user-defined-generic-types">User-defined generic types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#the-any-type">The <code>Any</code> type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#nominal-vs-structural-subtyping">Nominal vs structural subtyping</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#module-contents">Module contents</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#special-typing-primitives">Special typing primitives</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#special-types">Special types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#special-forms">Special forms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#building-generic-types-and-type-aliases">Building generic types and type aliases</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#other-special-directives">Other special directives</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#protocols">Protocols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#abcs-for-working-with-io">ABCs for working with IO</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#functions-and-decorators">Functions and decorators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#introspection-helpers">Introspection helpers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#constant">Constant</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#deprecated-aliases">Deprecated aliases</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#aliases-to-built-in-types">Aliases to built-in types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#aliases-to-types-in-collections">Aliases to types in <code>collections</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#aliases-to-other-concrete-types">Aliases to other concrete types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#aliases-to-container-abcs-in-collections-abc">Aliases to container ABCs in <code>collections.abc</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#aliases-to-asynchronous-abcs-in-collections-abc">Aliases to asynchronous ABCs in <code>collections.abc</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#aliases-to-other-abcs-in-collections-abc">Aliases to other ABCs in <code>collections.abc</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#aliases-to-contextlib-abcs">Aliases to <code>contextlib</code> ABCs</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/typing#deprecation-timeline-of-major-features">Deprecation Timeline of Major Features</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pydoc"><code>pydoc</code> — Documentation generator and online help system</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/devmode">Python Development Mode</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/devmode#effects-of-the-python-development-mode">Effects of the Python Development Mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/devmode#resourcewarning-example">ResourceWarning Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/devmode#bad-file-descriptor-error-example">Bad file descriptor error example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest"><code>doctest</code> — Test interactive Python examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-docstrings">Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#simple-usage-checking-examples-in-a-text-file">Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#how-it-works">How It Works</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#which-docstrings-are-examined">Which Docstrings Are Examined?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#how-are-docstring-examples-recognized">How are Docstring Examples Recognized?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#what-s-the-execution-context">What’s the Execution Context?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#what-about-exceptions">What About Exceptions?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#option-flags">Option Flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#directives">Directives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#warnings">Warnings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#basic-api">Basic API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#unittest-api">Unittest API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#advanced-api">Advanced API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#doctest-objects">DocTest Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#example-objects">Example Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#doctestfinder-objects">DocTestFinder objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#doctestparser-objects">DocTestParser objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#doctestrunner-objects">DocTestRunner objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#outputchecker-objects">OutputChecker objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#debugging">Debugging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/doctest#soapbox">Soapbox</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest"><code>unittest</code> — Unit testing framework</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest#basic-example">Basic example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest#command-line-options">Command-line options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest#test-discovery">Test Discovery</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest#organizing-test-code">Organizing test code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest#re-using-old-test-code">Re-using old test code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest#skipping-tests-and-expected-failures">Skipping tests and expected failures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest#distinguishing-test-iterations-using-subtests">Distinguishing test iterations using subtests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest#classes-and-functions">Classes and functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest#test-cases">Test cases</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest#grouping-tests">Grouping tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest#loading-and-running-tests">Loading and running tests</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest#load-tests-protocol">load_tests Protocol</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest#class-and-module-fixtures">Class and Module Fixtures</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest#setupclass-and-teardownclass">setUpClass and tearDownClass</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest#setupmodule-and-teardownmodule">setUpModule and tearDownModule</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest#signal-handling">Signal Handling</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock"><code>unittest.mock</code> — mock object library</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#quick-guide">Quick Guide</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#the-mock-class">The Mock Class</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#calling">Calling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#deleting-attributes">Deleting Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#mock-names-and-the-name-attribute">Mock names and the name attribute</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#attaching-mocks-as-attributes">Attaching Mocks as Attributes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#the-patchers">The patchers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#patch">patch</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#patch-object">patch.object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#patch-dict">patch.dict</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#patch-multiple">patch.multiple</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#patch-methods-start-and-stop">patch methods: start and stop</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#patch-builtins">patch builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#test-prefix">TEST_PREFIX</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#nesting-patch-decorators">Nesting Patch Decorators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#where-to-patch">Where to patch</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#patching-descriptors-and-proxy-objects">Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#magicmock-and-magic-method-support">MagicMock and magic method support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#mocking-magic-methods">Mocking Magic Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#magic-mock">Magic Mock</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#helpers">Helpers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#sentinel">sentinel</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#default">DEFAULT</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#call">call</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#create-autospec">create_autospec</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#any">ANY</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#filter-dir">FILTER_DIR</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#mock-open">mock_open</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#autospeccing">Autospeccing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/unittest.mock#sealing-mocks">Sealing mocks</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html"><code>unittest.mock</code> — getting started</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#using-mock">Using Mock</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-patching-methods">Mock Patching Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-for-method-calls-on-an-object">Mock for Method Calls on an Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-classes">Mocking Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#naming-your-mocks">Naming your mocks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#tracking-all-calls">Tracking all Calls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#setting-return-values-and-attributes">Setting Return Values and Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#raising-exceptions-with-mocks">Raising exceptions with mocks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#side-effect-functions-and-iterables">Side effect functions and iterables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-asynchronous-iterators">Mocking asynchronous iterators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-asynchronous-context-manager">Mocking asynchronous context manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#creating-a-mock-from-an-existing-object">Creating a Mock from an Existing Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#using-side-effect-to-return-per-file-content">Using side_effect to return per file content</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#patch-decorators">Patch Decorators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#further-examples">Further Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-chained-calls">Mocking chained calls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#partial-mocking">Partial mocking</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-a-generator-method">Mocking a Generator Method</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#applying-the-same-patch-to-every-test-method">Applying the same patch to every test method</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-unbound-methods">Mocking Unbound Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#checking-multiple-calls-with-mock">Checking multiple calls with mock</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#coping-with-mutable-arguments">Coping with mutable arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#nesting-patches">Nesting Patches</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-a-dictionary-with-magicmock">Mocking a dictionary with MagicMock</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mock-subclasses-and-their-attributes">Mock subclasses and their attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#mocking-imports-with-patch-dict">Mocking imports with patch.dict</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#tracking-order-of-calls-and-less-verbose-call-assertions">Tracking order of calls and less verbose call assertions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/unittest.mock-examples.html#more-complex-argument-matching">More complex argument matching</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/2to3.html">2to3 — Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/2to3.html#using-2to3">Using 2to3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/2to3.html#fixers">Fixers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/2to3.html#module-lib2to3"><code>lib2to3</code> — 2to3’s library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/test"><code>test</code> — Regression tests package for Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test#writing-unit-tests-for-the-test-package">Writing Unit Tests for the <code>test</code> package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test#module-test.regrtest">Running tests using the command-line interface</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test#module-test.support"><code>test.support</code> — Utilities for the Python test suite</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test#module-test.support.socket_helper"><code>test.support.socket_helper</code> — Utilities for socket tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test#module-test.support.script_helper"><code>test.support.script_helper</code> — Utilities for the Python execution tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test#module-test.support.bytecode_helper"><code>test.support.bytecode_helper</code> — Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test#module-test.support.threading_helper"><code>test.support.threading_helper</code> — Utilities for threading tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test#module-test.support.os_helper"><code>test.support.os_helper</code> — Utilities for os tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test#module-test.support.import_helper"><code>test.support.import_helper</code> — Utilities for import tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/test#module-test.support.warnings_helper"><code>test.support.warnings_helper</code> — Utilities for warnings tests</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/debug">Debugging and Profiling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/audit_events">Audit events table</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/bdb"><code>bdb</code> — Debugger framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler"><code>faulthandler</code> — Dump the Python traceback</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler#dumping-the-traceback">Dumping the traceback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler#fault-handler-state">Fault handler state</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler#dumping-the-tracebacks-after-a-timeout">Dumping the tracebacks after a timeout</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler#dumping-the-traceback-on-a-user-signal">Dumping the traceback on a user signal</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler#issue-with-file-descriptors">Issue with file descriptors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/faulthandler#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/pdb"><code>pdb</code> — The Python Debugger</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pdb#debugger-commands">Debugger Commands</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/profile">The Python Profilers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile#introduction-to-the-profilers">Introduction to the profilers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile#instant-user-s-manual">Instant User’s Manual</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile#module-cProfile"><code>profile</code> and <code>cProfile</code> Module Reference</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile#the-stats-class">The <code>Stats</code> Class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile#what-is-deterministic-profiling">What Is Deterministic Profiling?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile#limitations">Limitations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile#calibration">Calibration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/profile#using-a-custom-timer">Using a custom timer</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit"><code>timeit</code> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit#basic-examples">Basic Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit#python-interface">Python Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/timeit#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/trace"><code>trace</code> — Trace or track Python statement execution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/trace#command-line-usage">Command-Line Usage</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace#main-options">Main options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace#modifiers">Modifiers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace#filters">Filters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/trace#programmatic-interface">Programmatic Interface</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc"><code>tracemalloc</code> — Trace memory allocations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc#examples">Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc#display-the-top-10">Display the top 10</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc#compute-differences">Compute differences</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc#get-the-traceback-of-a-memory-block">Get the traceback of a memory block</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc#pretty-top">Pretty top</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc#record-the-current-and-peak-size-of-all-traced-memory-blocks">Record the current and peak size of all traced memory blocks</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc#api">API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc#domainfilter">DomainFilter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc#filter">Filter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc#frame">Frame</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc#snapshot">Snapshot</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc#statistic">Statistic</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc#statisticdiff">StatisticDiff</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc#trace">Trace</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tracemalloc#traceback">Traceback</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/distribution">Software Packaging and Distribution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ensurepip"><code>ensurepip</code> — Bootstrapping the <code>pip</code> installer</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ensurepip#command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ensurepip#module-api">Module API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/venv"><code>venv</code> — Creation of virtual environments</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/venv#creating-virtual-environments">Creating virtual environments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/venv#how-venvs-work">How venvs work</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/venv#api">API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/venv#an-example-of-extending-envbuilder">An example of extending <code>EnvBuilder</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp"><code>zipapp</code> — Manage executable Python zip archives</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp#basic-example">Basic Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp#python-api">Python API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp#examples">Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp#specifying-the-interpreter">Specifying the Interpreter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp#creating-standalone-applications-with-zipapp">Creating Standalone Applications with zipapp</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp#caveats">Caveats</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipapp#the-python-zip-application-archive-format">The Python Zip Application Archive Format</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/python">Python Runtime Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys"><code>sys</code> — System-specific parameters and functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring"><code>sys.monitoring</code> — Execution event monitoring</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring#tool-identifiers">Tool identifiers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring#registering-and-using-tools">Registering and using tools</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring#events">Events</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring#local-events">Local events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring#ancillary-events">Ancillary events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring#other-events">Other events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring#the-stop-iteration-event">The STOP_ITERATION event</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring#turning-events-on-and-off">Turning events on and off</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring#setting-events-globally">Setting events globally</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring#per-code-object-events">Per code object events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring#disabling-events">Disabling events</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring#registering-callback-functions">Registering callback functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys.monitoring#callback-function-arguments">Callback function arguments</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig"><code>sysconfig</code> — Provide access to Python’s configuration information</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig#configuration-variables">Configuration variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig#installation-paths">Installation paths</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig#user-scheme">User scheme</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig#posix-user"><code>posix_user</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig#nt-user"><code>nt_user</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig#osx-framework-user"><code>osx_framework_user</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig#home-scheme">Home scheme</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig#posix-home"><code>posix_home</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig#prefix-scheme">Prefix scheme</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig#posix-prefix"><code>posix_prefix</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig#nt"><code>nt</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig#installation-path-functions">Installation path functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig#other-functions">Other functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sysconfig#using-sysconfig-as-a-script">Using <code>sysconfig</code> as a script</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/builtins"><code>builtins</code> — Built-in objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__"><code>__main__</code> — Top-level code environment</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__#name-main"><code>__name__ == '__main__'</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__#what-is-the-top-level-code-environment">What is the “top-level code environment”?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__#idiomatic-usage">Idiomatic Usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__#packaging-considerations">Packaging Considerations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__#main-py-in-python-packages"><code>__main__.py</code> in Python Packages</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__#id1">Idiomatic Usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__main__#import-main"><code>import __main__</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings"><code>warnings</code> — Warning control</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings#warning-categories">Warning Categories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings#the-warnings-filter">The Warnings Filter</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings#describing-warning-filters">Describing Warning Filters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings#default-warning-filter">Default Warning Filter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings#overriding-the-default-filter">Overriding the default filter</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings#temporarily-suppressing-warnings">Temporarily Suppressing Warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings#testing-warnings">Testing Warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings#updating-code-for-new-versions-of-dependencies">Updating Code For New Versions of Dependencies</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings#available-functions">Available Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/warnings#available-context-managers">Available Context Managers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses"><code>dataclasses</code> — Data Classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses#module-contents">Module contents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses#post-init-processing">Post-init processing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses#class-variables">Class variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses#init-only-variables">Init-only variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses#frozen-instances">Frozen instances</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses#inheritance">Inheritance</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses#re-ordering-of-keyword-only-parameters-in-init">Re-ordering of keyword-only parameters in <code>__init__()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses#default-factory-functions">Default factory functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses#mutable-default-values">Mutable default values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dataclasses#descriptor-typed-fields">Descriptor-typed fields</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib"><code>contextlib</code> — Utilities for <code>with</code>-statement contexts</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib#utilities">Utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib#examples-and-recipes">Examples and Recipes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib#supporting-a-variable-number-of-context-managers">Supporting a variable number of context managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib#catching-exceptions-from-enter-methods">Catching exceptions from <code>__enter__</code> methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib#cleaning-up-in-an-enter-implementation">Cleaning up in an <code>__enter__</code> implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib#replacing-any-use-of-try-finally-and-flag-variables">Replacing any use of <code>try-finally</code> and flag variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib#using-a-context-manager-as-a-function-decorator">Using a context manager as a function decorator</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib#single-use-reusable-and-reentrant-context-managers">Single use, reusable and reentrant context managers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib#reentrant-context-managers">Reentrant context managers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/contextlib#reusable-context-managers">Reusable context managers</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/abc"><code>abc</code> — Abstract Base Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/atexit"><code>atexit</code> — Exit handlers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/atexit#atexit-example"><code>atexit</code> Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback"><code>traceback</code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback#tracebackexception-objects"><code>TracebackException</code> Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback#stacksummary-objects"><code>StackSummary</code> Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback#framesummary-objects"><code>FrameSummary</code> Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/traceback#traceback-examples">Traceback Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/__future__"><code>__future__</code> — Future statement definitions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/gc"><code>gc</code> — Garbage Collector interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect"><code>inspect</code> — Inspect live objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect#types-and-members">Types and members</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect#retrieving-source-code">Retrieving source code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect#introspecting-callables-with-the-signature-object">Introspecting callables with the Signature object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect#classes-and-functions">Classes and functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect#the-interpreter-stack">The interpreter stack</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect#fetching-attributes-statically">Fetching attributes statically</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect#current-state-of-generators-coroutines-and-asynchronous-generators">Current State of Generators, Coroutines, and Asynchronous Generators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect#code-objects-bit-flags">Code Objects Bit Flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect#buffer-flags">Buffer flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/inspect#command-line-interface">Command Line Interface</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/site"><code>site</code> — Site-specific configuration hook</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site#module-sitecustomize"><code>sitecustomize</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site#module-usercustomize"><code>usercustomize</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site#readline-configuration">Readline configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site#module-contents">Module contents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/site#command-line-interface">Command Line Interface</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/custominterp">Custom Python Interpreters</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/code"><code>code</code> — Interpreter base classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/code#interactive-interpreter-objects">Interactive Interpreter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/code#interactive-console-objects">Interactive Console Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/codeop"><code>codeop</code> — Compile Python code</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/modules">Importing Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport"><code>zipimport</code> — Import modules from Zip archives</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport#zipimporter-objects">zipimporter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/zipimport#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pkgutil"><code>pkgutil</code> — Package extension utility</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/modulefinder"><code>modulefinder</code> — Find modules used by a script</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/modulefinder#example-usage-of-modulefinder">Example usage of <code>ModuleFinder</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/runpy"><code>runpy</code> — Locating and executing Python modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib"><code>importlib</code> — The implementation of <code>import</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib#module-importlib.abc"><code>importlib.abc</code> – Abstract base classes related to import</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib#module-importlib.machinery"><code>importlib.machinery</code> – Importers and path hooks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib#module-importlib.util"><code>importlib.util</code> – Utility code for importers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib#examples">Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib#importing-programmatically">Importing programmatically</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib#checking-if-a-module-can-be-imported">Checking if a module can be imported</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib#importing-a-source-file-directly">Importing a source file directly</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib#implementing-lazy-imports">Implementing lazy imports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib#setting-up-an-importer">Setting up an importer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib#approximating-importlib-import-module">Approximating <code>importlib.import_module()</code></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.resources"><code>importlib.resources</code> – Package resource reading, opening and access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.resources#deprecated-functions">Deprecated functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.resources.abc"><code>importlib.resources.abc</code> – Abstract base classes for resources</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata"><code>importlib.metadata</code> – Accessing package metadata</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata#overview">Overview</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata#functional-api">Functional API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata#entry-points">Entry points</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata#distribution-metadata">Distribution metadata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata#distribution-versions">Distribution versions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata#distribution-files">Distribution files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata#distribution-requirements">Distribution requirements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata#mapping-import-to-distribution-packages">Mapping import to distribution packages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata#distributions">Distributions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata#distribution-discovery">Distribution Discovery</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/importlib.metadata#extending-the-search-algorithm">Extending the search algorithm</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/sys_path_init">The initialization of the <code>sys.path</code> module search path</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys_path_init#virtual-environments">Virtual environments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys_path_init#pth-files">_pth files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sys_path_init#embedded-python">Embedded Python</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/language">Python Language Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ast"><code>ast</code> — Abstract Syntax Trees</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#abstract-grammar">Abstract Grammar</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#node-classes">Node classes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#root-nodes">Root nodes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#literals">Literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#variables">Variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#expressions">Expressions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#subscripting">Subscripting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#comprehensions">Comprehensions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#statements">Statements</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#imports">Imports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#control-flow">Control flow</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#pattern-matching">Pattern matching</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#type-parameters">Type parameters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#function-and-class-definitions">Function and class definitions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#async-and-await">Async and await</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#ast-helpers"><code>ast</code> Helpers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#compiler-flags">Compiler Flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ast#command-line-usage">Command-Line Usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/symtable"><code>symtable</code> — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symtable#generating-symbol-tables">Generating Symbol Tables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/symtable#examining-symbol-tables">Examining Symbol Tables</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/token"><code>token</code> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/keyword"><code>keyword</code> — Testing for Python keywords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize"><code>tokenize</code> — Tokenizer for Python source</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize#tokenizing-input">Tokenizing Input</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize#command-line-usage">Command-Line Usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tokenize#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tabnanny"><code>tabnanny</code> — Detection of ambiguous indentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr"><code>pyclbr</code> — Python module browser support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr#function-objects">Function Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pyclbr#class-objects">Class Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/py_compile"><code>py_compile</code> — Compile Python source files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/py_compile#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall"><code>compileall</code> — Byte-compile Python libraries</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall#command-line-use">Command-line use</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/compileall#public-functions">Public functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/dis"><code>dis</code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis#command-line-interface">Command-line interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis#bytecode-analysis">Bytecode analysis</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis#analysis-functions">Analysis functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis#python-bytecode-instructions">Python Bytecode Instructions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/dis#opcode-collections">Opcode collections</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools"><code>pickletools</code> — Tools for pickle developers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools#command-line-usage">Command line usage</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools#command-line-options">Command line options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pickletools#programmatic-interface">Programmatic Interface</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/windows">MS Windows Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt"><code>msvcrt</code> — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt#file-operations">File Operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt#console-i-o">Console I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msvcrt#other-functions">Other Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg"><code>winreg</code> — Windows registry access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg#constants">Constants</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg#hkey-constants">HKEY_* Constants</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg#access-rights">Access Rights</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg#bit-specific">64-bit Specific</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg#value-types">Value Types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winreg#registry-handle-objects">Registry Handle Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/winsound"><code>winsound</code> — Sound-playing interface for Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/unix">Unix Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/posix"><code>posix</code> — The most common POSIX system calls</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posix#large-file-support">Large File Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/posix#notable-module-contents">Notable Module Contents</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pwd"><code>pwd</code> — The password database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/grp"><code>grp</code> — The group database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/termios"><code>termios</code> — POSIX style tty control</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/termios#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/tty"><code>tty</code> — Terminal control functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/pty"><code>pty</code> — Pseudo-terminal utilities</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pty#example">Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/fcntl"><code>fcntl</code> — The <code>fcntl</code> and <code>ioctl</code> system calls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/resource"><code>resource</code> — Resource usage information</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/resource#resource-limits">Resource Limits</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/resource#resource-usage">Resource Usage</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog"><code>syslog</code> — Unix syslog library routines</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog#examples">Examples</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/syslog#simple-example">Simple example</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cmdline">Modules command-line interface (CLI)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/superseded">Superseded Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/aifc"><code>aifc</code> — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/audioop"><code>audioop</code> — Manipulate raw audio data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi"><code>cgi</code> — Common Gateway Interface support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi#using-the-cgi-module">Using the cgi module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi#higher-level-interface">Higher Level Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi#functions">Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi#caring-about-security">Caring about security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi#installing-your-cgi-script-on-a-unix-system">Installing your CGI script on a Unix system</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi#testing-your-cgi-script">Testing your CGI script</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi#debugging-cgi-scripts">Debugging CGI scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgi#common-problems-and-solutions">Common problems and solutions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/cgitb"><code>cgitb</code> — Traceback manager for CGI scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/chunk"><code>chunk</code> — Read IFF chunked data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt"><code>crypt</code> — Function to check Unix passwords</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt#hashing-methods">Hashing Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt#module-attributes">Module Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt#module-functions">Module Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/crypt#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/imghdr"><code>imghdr</code> — Determine the type of an image</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/mailcap"><code>mailcap</code> — Mailcap file handling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib"><code>msilib</code> — Read and write Microsoft Installer files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib#database-objects">Database Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib#view-objects">View Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib#summary-information-objects">Summary Information Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib#record-objects">Record Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib#errors">Errors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib#cab-objects">CAB Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib#directory-objects">Directory Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib#features">Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib#gui-classes">GUI classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/msilib#precomputed-tables">Precomputed tables</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nis"><code>nis</code> — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib"><code>nntplib</code> — NNTP protocol client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib#nntp-objects">NNTP Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib#attributes">Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib#methods">Methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/nntplib#utility-functions">Utility functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse"><code>optparse</code> — Parser for command line options</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#background">Background</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#what-are-options-for">What are options for?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#what-are-positional-arguments-for">What are positional arguments for?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#tutorial">Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#understanding-option-actions">Understanding option actions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#the-store-action">The store action</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#handling-boolean-flag-options">Handling boolean (flag) options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#other-actions">Other actions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#default-values">Default values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#generating-help">Generating help</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#grouping-options">Grouping Options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#printing-a-version-string">Printing a version string</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#how-optparse-handles-errors">How <code>optparse</code> handles errors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#putting-it-all-together">Putting it all together</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#reference-guide">Reference Guide</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#creating-the-parser">Creating the parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#populating-the-parser">Populating the parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#defining-options">Defining options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#option-attributes">Option attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#standard-option-actions">Standard option actions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#standard-option-types">Standard option types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#parsing-arguments">Parsing arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#querying-and-manipulating-your-option-parser">Querying and manipulating your option parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#conflicts-between-options">Conflicts between options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#cleanup">Cleanup</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#other-methods">Other methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#option-callbacks">Option Callbacks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#defining-a-callback-option">Defining a callback option</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#how-callbacks-are-called">How callbacks are called</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#raising-errors-in-a-callback">Raising errors in a callback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#callback-example-1-trivial-callback">Callback example 1: trivial callback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#callback-example-2-check-option-order">Callback example 2: check option order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#callback-example-3-check-option-order-generalized">Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#callback-example-4-check-arbitrary-condition">Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#callback-example-5-fixed-arguments">Callback example 5: fixed arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#callback-example-6-variable-arguments">Callback example 6: variable arguments</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#extending-optparse">Extending <code>optparse</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#adding-new-types">Adding new types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#adding-new-actions">Adding new actions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/optparse#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/ossaudiodev"><code>ossaudiodev</code> — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ossaudiodev#audio-device-objects">Audio Device Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/ossaudiodev#mixer-device-objects">Mixer Device Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/pipes"><code>pipes</code> — Interface to shell pipelines</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/pipes#template-objects">Template Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/sndhdr"><code>sndhdr</code> — Determine type of sound file</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/spwd"><code>spwd</code> — The shadow password database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/sunau.html"><code>sunau</code> — Read and write Sun AU files</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/sunau.html#au-read-objects">AU_read Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/library/sunau.html#au-write-objects">AU_write Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/telnetlib"><code>telnetlib</code> — Telnet client</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/telnetlib#telnet-objects">Telnet Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/telnetlib#telnet-example">Telnet Example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="library/uu"><code>uu</code> — Encode and decode uuencode files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib"><code>xdrlib</code> — Encode and decode XDR data</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib#packer-objects">Packer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib#unpacker-objects">Unpacker Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="library/xdrlib#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="library/security_warnings">Security Considerations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="extending/index">Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/index#recommended-third-party-tools">Recommended third party tools</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="extending/index#creating-extensions-without-third-party-tools">Creating extensions without third party tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending">1. Extending Python with C or C++</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending#a-simple-example">1.1. A Simple Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending#intermezzo-errors-and-exceptions">1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending#back-to-the-example">1.3. Back to the Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending#the-module-s-method-table-and-initialization-function">1.4. The Module’s Method Table and Initialization Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending#compilation-and-linkage">1.5. Compilation and Linkage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending#calling-python-functions-from-c">1.6. Calling Python Functions from C</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending#extracting-parameters-in-extension-functions">1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending#keyword-parameters-for-extension-functions">1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending#building-arbitrary-values">1.9. Building Arbitrary Values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending#reference-counts">1.10. Reference Counts</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending#reference-counting-in-python">1.10.1. Reference Counting in Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending#ownership-rules">1.10.2. Ownership Rules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending#thin-ice">1.10.3. Thin Ice</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending#null-pointers">1.10.4. NULL Pointers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending#writing-extensions-in-c">1.11. Writing Extensions in C++</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/extending#providing-a-c-api-for-an-extension-module">1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial">2. Defining Extension Types: Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial#the-basics">2.1. The Basics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial#adding-data-and-methods-to-the-basic-example">2.2. Adding data and methods to the Basic example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial#providing-finer-control-over-data-attributes">2.3. Providing finer control over data attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial#supporting-cyclic-garbage-collection">2.4. Supporting cyclic garbage collection</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes_tutorial#subclassing-other-types">2.5. Subclassing other types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes">3. Defining Extension Types: Assorted Topics</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes#finalization-and-de-allocation">3.1. Finalization and De-allocation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes#object-presentation">3.2. Object Presentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes#attribute-management">3.3. Attribute Management</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes#generic-attribute-management">3.3.1. Generic Attribute Management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes#type-specific-attribute-management">3.3.2. Type-specific Attribute Management</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes#object-comparison">3.4. Object Comparison</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes#abstract-protocol-support">3.5. Abstract Protocol Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes#weak-reference-support">3.6. Weak Reference Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/newtypes#more-suggestions">3.7. More Suggestions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="extending/building">4. Building C and C++ Extensions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/building#building-c-and-c-extensions-with-setuptools">4.1. Building C and C++ Extensions with setuptools</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows">5. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows#a-cookbook-approach">5.1. A Cookbook Approach</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows#differences-between-unix-and-windows">5.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/windows#using-dlls-in-practice">5.3. Using DLLs in Practice</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="extending/index#embedding-the-cpython-runtime-in-a-larger-application">Embedding the CPython runtime in a larger application</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding">1. Embedding Python in Another Application</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding#very-high-level-embedding">1.1. Very High Level Embedding</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding#beyond-very-high-level-embedding-an-overview">1.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding#pure-embedding">1.3. Pure Embedding</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding#extending-embedded-python">1.4. Extending Embedded Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding#embedding-python-in-c">1.5. Embedding Python in C++</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="extending/embedding#compiling-and-linking-under-unix-like-systems">1.6. Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/index">Python/C API Reference Manual</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro">Introduction</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro#coding-standards">Coding standards</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro#include-files">Include Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro#useful-macros">Useful macros</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro#objects-types-and-reference-counts">Objects, Types and Reference Counts</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro#reference-counts">Reference Counts</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro#reference-count-details">Reference Count Details</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro#types">Types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro#embedding-python">Embedding Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/intro#debugging-builds">Debugging Builds</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable">C API Stability</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable#unstable-c-api">Unstable C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable#stable-application-binary-interface">Stable Application Binary Interface</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable#limited-c-api">Limited C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable#stable-abi">Stable ABI</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable#limited-api-scope-and-performance">Limited API Scope and Performance</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable#limited-api-caveats">Limited API Caveats</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable#platform-considerations">Platform Considerations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/stable#contents-of-limited-api">Contents of Limited API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/veryhigh">The Very High Level Layer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/refcounting">Reference Counting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions">Exception Handling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions#printing-and-clearing">Printing and clearing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions#raising-exceptions">Raising exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions#issuing-warnings">Issuing warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions#querying-the-error-indicator">Querying the error indicator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions#signal-handling">Signal Handling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions#exception-classes">Exception Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions#exception-objects">Exception Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions#unicode-exception-objects">Unicode Exception Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions#recursion-control">Recursion Control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions#standard-exceptions">Standard Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/exceptions#standard-warning-categories">Standard Warning Categories</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/utilities">Utilities</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys">Operating System Utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys#system-functions">System Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sys#process-control">Process Control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/import">Importing Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/marshal">Data marshalling support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg">Parsing arguments and building values</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg#parsing-arguments">Parsing arguments</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg#strings-and-buffers">Strings and buffers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg#numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg#other-objects">Other objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg#api-functions">API Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/arg#building-values">Building values</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/conversion">String conversion and formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/reflection">Reflection</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec">Codec registry and support functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec#codec-lookup-api">Codec lookup API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/codec#registry-api-for-unicode-encoding-error-handlers">Registry API for Unicode encoding error handlers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/perfmaps">Support for Perf Maps</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/abstract">Abstract Objects Layer</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/object">Object Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call">Call Protocol</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call#the-tp-call-protocol">The tp_call Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call#the-vectorcall-protocol">The Vectorcall Protocol</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call#recursion-control">Recursion Control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call#vectorcall-support-api">Vectorcall Support API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call#object-calling-api">Object Calling API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/call#call-support-api">Call Support API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/number">Number Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/sequence">Sequence Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/mapping">Mapping Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/iter">Iterator Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer">Buffer Protocol</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer#buffer-structure">Buffer structure</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer#buffer-request-types">Buffer request types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer#request-independent-fields">request-independent fields</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer#readonly-format">readonly, format</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer#shape-strides-suboffsets">shape, strides, suboffsets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer#contiguity-requests">contiguity requests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer#compound-requests">compound requests</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer#complex-arrays">Complex arrays</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer#numpy-style-shape-and-strides">NumPy-style: shape and strides</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer#pil-style-shape-strides-and-suboffsets">PIL-style: shape, strides and suboffsets</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/buffer#buffer-related-functions">Buffer-related functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/objbuffer">Old Buffer Protocol</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete">Concrete Objects Layer</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete#fundamental-objects">Fundamental Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/type">Type Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/type#creating-heap-allocated-types">Creating Heap-Allocated Types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/none">The <code>None</code> Object</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete#numeric-objects">Numeric Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/long">Integer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bool">Boolean Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/float">Floating Point Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/float#pack-and-unpack-functions">Pack and Unpack functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/float#pack-functions">Pack functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/float#unpack-functions">Unpack functions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex">Complex Number Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex#complex-numbers-as-c-structures">Complex Numbers as C Structures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/complex#complex-numbers-as-python-objects">Complex Numbers as Python Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete#sequence-objects">Sequence Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytes">Bytes Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray">Byte Array Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray#type-check-macros">Type check macros</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray#direct-api-functions">Direct API functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/bytearray#macros">Macros</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode">Unicode Objects and Codecs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#unicode-objects">Unicode Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#unicode-type">Unicode Type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#unicode-character-properties">Unicode Character Properties</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#creating-and-accessing-unicode-strings">Creating and accessing Unicode strings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#locale-encoding">Locale Encoding</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#file-system-encoding">File System Encoding</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#wchar-t-support">wchar_t Support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#built-in-codecs">Built-in Codecs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#generic-codecs">Generic Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#utf-8-codecs">UTF-8 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#utf-32-codecs">UTF-32 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#utf-16-codecs">UTF-16 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#utf-7-codecs">UTF-7 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#unicode-escape-codecs">Unicode-Escape Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#raw-unicode-escape-codecs">Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#latin-1-codecs">Latin-1 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#ascii-codecs">ASCII Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#character-map-codecs">Character Map Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#mbcs-codecs-for-windows">MBCS codecs for Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#methods-slots">Methods &amp; Slots</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/unicode#methods-and-slot-functions">Methods and Slot Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/tuple">Tuple Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/tuple#struct-sequence-objects">Struct Sequence Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/list">List Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete#container-objects">Container Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/dict">Dictionary Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/set">Set Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete#function-objects">Function Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/function">Function Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/method">Instance Method Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/method#method-objects">Method Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/cell">Cell Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/code">Code Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/code#extra-information">Extra information</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/concrete#other-objects">Other Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/file">File Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module">Module Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module#initializing-c-modules">Initializing C modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module#single-phase-initialization">Single-phase initialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module#multi-phase-initialization">Multi-phase initialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module#low-level-module-creation-functions">Low-level module creation functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module#support-functions">Support functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/module#module-lookup">Module lookup</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/iterator">Iterator Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/descriptor">Descriptor Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/slice">Slice Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/slice#ellipsis-object">Ellipsis Object</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memoryview">MemoryView objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/weakref">Weak Reference Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/capsule">Capsules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/frame">Frame Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/frame#internal-frames">Internal Frames</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/gen">Generator Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/coro">Coroutine Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/contextvars">Context Variables Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/datetime">DateTime Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typehints">Objects for Type Hinting</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init">Initialization, Finalization, and Threads</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#before-python-initialization">Before Python Initialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#global-configuration-variables">Global configuration variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#initializing-and-finalizing-the-interpreter">Initializing and finalizing the interpreter</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#process-wide-parameters">Process-wide parameters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#thread-state-and-the-global-interpreter-lock">Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#releasing-the-gil-from-extension-code">Releasing the GIL from extension code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#non-python-created-threads">Non-Python created threads</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#cautions-about-fork">Cautions about fork()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#high-level-api">High-level API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#low-level-api">Low-level API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#sub-interpreter-support">Sub-interpreter support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#a-per-interpreter-gil">A Per-Interpreter GIL</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#bugs-and-caveats">Bugs and caveats</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#asynchronous-notifications">Asynchronous Notifications</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#profiling-and-tracing">Profiling and Tracing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#advanced-debugger-support">Advanced Debugger Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#thread-local-storage-support">Thread Local Storage Support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#thread-specific-storage-tss-api">Thread Specific Storage (TSS) API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#dynamic-allocation">Dynamic Allocation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#methods">Methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init#thread-local-storage-tls-api">Thread Local Storage (TLS) API</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config">Python Initialization Configuration</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config#example">Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config#pywidestringlist">PyWideStringList</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config#pystatus">PyStatus</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config#pypreconfig">PyPreConfig</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config#preinitialize-python-with-pypreconfig">Preinitialize Python with PyPreConfig</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config#pyconfig">PyConfig</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config#initialization-with-pyconfig">Initialization with PyConfig</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config#isolated-configuration">Isolated Configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config#python-configuration">Python Configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config#python-path-configuration">Python Path Configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config#py-runmain">Py_RunMain()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config#py-getargcargv">Py_GetArgcArgv()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/init_config#multi-phase-initialization-private-provisional-api">Multi-Phase Initialization Private Provisional API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory">Memory Management</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory#overview">Overview</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory#allocator-domains">Allocator Domains</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory#raw-memory-interface">Raw Memory Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory#memory-interface">Memory Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory#object-allocators">Object allocators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory#default-memory-allocators">Default Memory Allocators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory#customize-memory-allocators">Customize Memory Allocators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory#debug-hooks-on-the-python-memory-allocators">Debug hooks on the Python memory allocators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory#the-pymalloc-allocator">The pymalloc allocator</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory#customize-pymalloc-arena-allocator">Customize pymalloc Arena Allocator</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory#tracemalloc-c-api">tracemalloc C API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/memory#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/objimpl">Object Implementation Support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/allocation">Allocating Objects on the Heap</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures">Common Object Structures</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures#base-object-types-and-macros">Base object types and macros</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures#implementing-functions-and-methods">Implementing functions and methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures#accessing-attributes-of-extension-types">Accessing attributes of extension types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures#member-flags">Member flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures#member-types">Member types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/structures#defining-getters-and-setters">Defining Getters and Setters</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj">Type Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj#quick-reference">Quick Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj#tp-slots">“tp slots”</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj#sub-slots">sub-slots</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj#slot-typedefs">slot typedefs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj#pytypeobject-definition">PyTypeObject Definition</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj#pyobject-slots">PyObject Slots</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj#pyvarobject-slots">PyVarObject Slots</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj#pytypeobject-slots">PyTypeObject Slots</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj#static-types">Static Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj#heap-types">Heap Types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj#number-object-structures">Number Object Structures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj#mapping-object-structures">Mapping Object Structures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj#sequence-object-structures">Sequence Object Structures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj#buffer-object-structures">Buffer Object Structures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj#async-object-structures">Async Object Structures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj#slot-type-typedefs">Slot Type typedefs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/typeobj#examples">Examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="c-api/gcsupport">Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/gcsupport#controlling-the-garbage-collector-state">Controlling the Garbage Collector State</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/gcsupport#querying-garbage-collector-state">Querying Garbage Collector State</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="c-api/apiabiversion">API and ABI Versioning</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="installing/index">Installing Python Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index#key-terms">Key terms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index#basic-usage">Basic usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="installing/index#how-do-i">How do I …?</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index#install-pip-in-versions-of-python-prior-to-python-3-4">… install <code>pip</code> in versions of Python prior to Python 3.4?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index#install-packages-just-for-the-current-user">… install packages just for the current user?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index#install-scientific-python-packages">… install scientific Python packages?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index#work-with-multiple-versions-of-python-installed-in-parallel">… work with multiple versions of Python installed in parallel?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="installing/index#common-installation-issues">Common installation issues</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index#installing-into-the-system-python-on-linux">Installing into the system Python on Linux</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index#pip-not-installed">Pip not installed</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="installing/index#installing-binary-extensions">Installing binary extensions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/index">Python HOWTOs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting">How to port Python 2 Code to Python 3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting#the-short-explanation">The Short Explanation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting#details">Details</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting#different-versions-of-python-2">Different versions of Python 2</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting#make-sure-you-specify-the-proper-version-support-in-your-setup-py-file">Make sure you specify the proper version support in your <code>setup.py</code> file</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting#have-good-test-coverage">Have good test coverage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting#be-aware-of-the-differences-between-python-2-and-3">Be aware of the differences between Python 2 and 3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting#update-your-code">Update your code</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting#division">Division</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting#text-versus-binary-data">Text versus binary data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting#use-feature-detection-instead-of-version-detection">Use feature detection instead of version detection</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting#prevent-compatibility-regressions">Prevent compatibility regressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting#check-which-dependencies-block-your-transition">Check which dependencies block your transition</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting#update-your-setup-py-file-to-denote-python-3-compatibility">Update your <code>setup.py</code> file to denote Python 3 compatibility</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting#use-continuous-integration-to-stay-compatible">Use continuous integration to stay compatible</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/pyporting#consider-using-optional-static-type-checking">Consider using optional static type checking</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/cporting">Porting Extension Modules to Python 3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses">Curses Programming with Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses#what-is-curses">What is curses?</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses#the-python-curses-module">The Python curses module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses#starting-and-ending-a-curses-application">Starting and ending a curses application</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses#windows-and-pads">Windows and Pads</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses#displaying-text">Displaying Text</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses#attributes-and-color">Attributes and Color</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses#user-input">User Input</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/curses#for-more-information">For More Information</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor">Descriptor HowTo Guide</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#primer">Primer</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#simple-example-a-descriptor-that-returns-a-constant">Simple example: A descriptor that returns a constant</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#dynamic-lookups">Dynamic lookups</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#managed-attributes">Managed attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#customized-names">Customized names</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#closing-thoughts">Closing thoughts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#complete-practical-example">Complete Practical Example</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#validator-class">Validator class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#custom-validators">Custom validators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#practical-application">Practical application</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#technical-tutorial">Technical Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#abstract">Abstract</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#definition-and-introduction">Definition and introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#descriptor-protocol">Descriptor protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#overview-of-descriptor-invocation">Overview of descriptor invocation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#invocation-from-an-instance">Invocation from an instance</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#invocation-from-a-class">Invocation from a class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#invocation-from-super">Invocation from super</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#summary-of-invocation-logic">Summary of invocation logic</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#automatic-name-notification">Automatic name notification</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#orm-example">ORM example</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#pure-python-equivalents">Pure Python Equivalents</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#properties">Properties</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#functions-and-methods">Functions and methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#kinds-of-methods">Kinds of methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#static-methods">Static methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#class-methods">Class methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/descriptor#member-objects-and-slots">Member objects and __slots__</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum">Enum HOWTO</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#programmatic-access-to-enumeration-members-and-their-attributes">Programmatic access to enumeration members and their attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#duplicating-enum-members-and-values">Duplicating enum members and values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#ensuring-unique-enumeration-values">Ensuring unique enumeration values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#using-automatic-values">Using automatic values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#iteration">Iteration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#comparisons">Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#allowed-members-and-attributes-of-enumerations">Allowed members and attributes of enumerations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#restricted-enum-subclassing">Restricted Enum subclassing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#dataclass-support">Dataclass support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#pickling">Pickling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#functional-api">Functional API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#derived-enumerations">Derived Enumerations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#intenum">IntEnum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#strenum">StrEnum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#intflag">IntFlag</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#flag">Flag</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#others">Others</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#when-to-use-new-vs-init">When to use <code>__new__()</code> vs. <code>__init__()</code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#finer-points">Finer Points</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#supported-dunder-names">Supported <code>__dunder__</code> names</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#supported-sunder-names">Supported <code>_sunder_</code> names</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#private-names">_Private__names</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#enum-member-type"><code>Enum</code> member type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#creating-members-that-are-mixed-with-other-data-types">Creating members that are mixed with other data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#boolean-value-of-enum-classes-and-members">Boolean value of <code>Enum</code> classes and members</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#enum-classes-with-methods"><code>Enum</code> classes with methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#combining-members-of-flag">Combining members of <code>Flag</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#flag-and-intflag-minutia"><code>Flag</code> and <code>IntFlag</code> minutia</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#how-are-enums-and-flags-different">How are Enums and Flags different?</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#enum-classes">Enum Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#flag-classes">Flag Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#enum-members-aka-instances">Enum Members (aka instances)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#flag-members">Flag Members</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#enum-cookbook">Enum Cookbook</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#omitting-values">Omitting values</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#using-auto">Using <code>auto</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#using-object">Using <code>object</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#using-a-descriptive-string">Using a descriptive string</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#using-a-custom-new">Using a custom <code>__new__()</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#orderedenum">OrderedEnum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#duplicatefreeenum">DuplicateFreeEnum</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#planet">Planet</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#timeperiod">TimePeriod</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/enum#subclassing-enumtype">Subclassing EnumType</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional">Functional Programming HOWTO</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#introduction">Introduction</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#formal-provability">Formal provability</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#modularity">Modularity</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#ease-of-debugging-and-testing">Ease of debugging and testing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#composability">Composability</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#iterators">Iterators</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#data-types-that-support-iterators">Data Types That Support Iterators</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#generator-expressions-and-list-comprehensions">Generator expressions and list comprehensions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#generators">Generators</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#passing-values-into-a-generator">Passing values into a generator</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#built-in-functions">Built-in functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#the-itertools-module">The itertools module</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#creating-new-iterators">Creating new iterators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#calling-functions-on-elements">Calling functions on elements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#selecting-elements">Selecting elements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#combinatoric-functions">Combinatoric functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#grouping-elements">Grouping elements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#the-functools-module">The functools module</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#the-operator-module">The operator module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#small-functions-and-the-lambda-expression">Small functions and the lambda expression</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#revision-history-and-acknowledgements">Revision History and Acknowledgements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#references">References</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#general">General</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#python-specific">Python-specific</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/functional#python-documentation">Python documentation</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging">Logging HOWTO</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#basic-logging-tutorial">Basic Logging Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#when-to-use-logging">When to use logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#a-simple-example">A simple example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#logging-to-a-file">Logging to a file</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#logging-from-multiple-modules">Logging from multiple modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#logging-variable-data">Logging variable data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#changing-the-format-of-displayed-messages">Changing the format of displayed messages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#displaying-the-date-time-in-messages">Displaying the date/time in messages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#next-steps">Next Steps</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#advanced-logging-tutorial">Advanced Logging Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#logging-flow">Logging Flow</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#loggers">Loggers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#handlers">Handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#formatters">Formatters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#configuring-logging">Configuring Logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#what-happens-if-no-configuration-is-provided">What happens if no configuration is provided</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#configuring-logging-for-a-library">Configuring Logging for a Library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#logging-levels">Logging Levels</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#custom-levels">Custom Levels</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#useful-handlers">Useful Handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#exceptions-raised-during-logging">Exceptions raised during logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#using-arbitrary-objects-as-messages">Using arbitrary objects as messages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#optimization">Optimization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging#other-resources">Other resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook">Logging Cookbook</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#using-logging-in-multiple-modules">Using logging in multiple modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#logging-from-multiple-threads">Logging from multiple threads</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#multiple-handlers-and-formatters">Multiple handlers and formatters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#logging-to-multiple-destinations">Logging to multiple destinations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#custom-handling-of-levels">Custom handling of levels</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#configuration-server-example">Configuration server example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#dealing-with-handlers-that-block">Dealing with handlers that block</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#sending-and-receiving-logging-events-across-a-network">Sending and receiving logging events across a network</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#running-a-logging-socket-listener-in-production">Running a logging socket listener in production</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#adding-contextual-information-to-your-logging-output">Adding contextual information to your logging output</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#using-loggeradapters-to-impart-contextual-information">Using LoggerAdapters to impart contextual information</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#using-objects-other-than-dicts-to-pass-contextual-information">Using objects other than dicts to pass contextual information</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#using-filters-to-impart-contextual-information">Using Filters to impart contextual information</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#use-of-contextvars">Use of <code>contextvars</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#imparting-contextual-information-in-handlers">Imparting contextual information in handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#logging-to-a-single-file-from-multiple-processes">Logging to a single file from multiple processes</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#using-concurrent-futures-processpoolexecutor">Using concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#deploying-web-applications-using-gunicorn-and-uwsgi">Deploying Web applications using Gunicorn and uWSGI</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#using-file-rotation">Using file rotation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#use-of-alternative-formatting-styles">Use of alternative formatting styles</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#customizing-logrecord">Customizing <code>LogRecord</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#subclassing-queuehandler-a-zeromq-example">Subclassing QueueHandler - a ZeroMQ example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#subclassing-queuelistener-a-zeromq-example">Subclassing QueueListener - a ZeroMQ example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#an-example-dictionary-based-configuration">An example dictionary-based configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#using-a-rotator-and-namer-to-customize-log-rotation-processing">Using a rotator and namer to customize log rotation processing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#a-more-elaborate-multiprocessing-example">A more elaborate multiprocessing example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#inserting-a-bom-into-messages-sent-to-a-sysloghandler">Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#implementing-structured-logging">Implementing structured logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#customizing-handlers-with-dictconfig">Customizing handlers with <code>dictConfig()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#using-particular-formatting-styles-throughout-your-application">Using particular formatting styles throughout your application</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#using-logrecord-factories">Using LogRecord factories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#using-custom-message-objects">Using custom message objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#configuring-filters-with-dictconfig">Configuring filters with <code>dictConfig()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#customized-exception-formatting">Customized exception formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#speaking-logging-messages">Speaking logging messages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#buffering-logging-messages-and-outputting-them-conditionally">Buffering logging messages and outputting them conditionally</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#sending-logging-messages-to-email-with-buffering">Sending logging messages to email, with buffering</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#formatting-times-using-utc-gmt-via-configuration">Formatting times using UTC (GMT) via configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#using-a-context-manager-for-selective-logging">Using a context manager for selective logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#a-cli-application-starter-template">A CLI application starter template</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#a-qt-gui-for-logging">A Qt GUI for logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#logging-to-syslog-with-rfc5424-support">Logging to syslog with RFC5424 support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#how-to-treat-a-logger-like-an-output-stream">How to treat a logger like an output stream</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#patterns-to-avoid">Patterns to avoid</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#opening-the-same-log-file-multiple-times">Opening the same log file multiple times</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#using-loggers-as-attributes-in-a-class-or-passing-them-as-parameters">Using loggers as attributes in a class or passing them as parameters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#adding-handlers-other-than-nullhandler-to-a-logger-in-a-library">Adding handlers other than <code>NullHandler</code> to a logger in a library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#creating-a-lot-of-loggers">Creating a lot of loggers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/logging-cookbook#other-resources">Other resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex">Regular Expression HOWTO</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#simple-patterns">Simple Patterns</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#matching-characters">Matching Characters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#repeating-things">Repeating Things</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#using-regular-expressions">Using Regular Expressions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#compiling-regular-expressions">Compiling Regular Expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#the-backslash-plague">The Backslash Plague</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#performing-matches">Performing Matches</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#module-level-functions">Module-Level Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#compilation-flags">Compilation Flags</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#more-pattern-power">More Pattern Power</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#more-metacharacters">More Metacharacters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#grouping">Grouping</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#non-capturing-and-named-groups">Non-capturing and Named Groups</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#lookahead-assertions">Lookahead Assertions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#modifying-strings">Modifying Strings</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#splitting-strings">Splitting Strings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#search-and-replace">Search and Replace</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#common-problems">Common Problems</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#use-string-methods">Use String Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#match-versus-search">match() versus search()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#greedy-versus-non-greedy">Greedy versus Non-Greedy</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#using-re-verbose">Using re.VERBOSE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/regex#feedback">Feedback</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets">Socket Programming HOWTO</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets#sockets">Sockets</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets#history">History</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets#creating-a-socket">Creating a Socket</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets#ipc">IPC</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets#using-a-socket">Using a Socket</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets#binary-data">Binary Data</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets#disconnecting">Disconnecting</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets#when-sockets-die">When Sockets Die</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sockets#non-blocking-sockets">Non-blocking Sockets</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting">Sorting HOW TO</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting#sorting-basics">Sorting Basics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting#key-functions">Key Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting#operator-module-functions">Operator Module Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting#ascending-and-descending">Ascending and Descending</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting#sort-stability-and-complex-sorts">Sort Stability and Complex Sorts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting#decorate-sort-undecorate">Decorate-Sort-Undecorate</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting#comparison-functions">Comparison Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/sorting#odds-and-ends">Odds and Ends</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode">Unicode HOWTO</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#introduction-to-unicode">Introduction to Unicode</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#definitions">Definitions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#encodings">Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#references">References</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#python-s-unicode-support">Python’s Unicode Support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#the-string-type">The String Type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#converting-to-bytes">Converting to Bytes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#unicode-literals-in-python-source-code">Unicode Literals in Python Source Code</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#unicode-properties">Unicode Properties</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#comparing-strings">Comparing Strings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#unicode-regular-expressions">Unicode Regular Expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#id2">References</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#reading-and-writing-unicode-data">Reading and Writing Unicode Data</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#unicode-filenames">Unicode filenames</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#tips-for-writing-unicode-aware-programs">Tips for Writing Unicode-aware Programs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#converting-between-file-encodings">Converting Between File Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#files-in-an-unknown-encoding">Files in an Unknown Encoding</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#id3">References</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/unicode#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2">HOWTO Fetch Internet Resources Using The urllib Package</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2#fetching-urls">Fetching URLs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2#data">Data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2#headers">Headers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2#handling-exceptions">Handling Exceptions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2#urlerror">URLError</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2#httperror">HTTPError</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2#error-codes">Error Codes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2#wrapping-it-up">Wrapping it Up</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2#number-1">Number 1</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2#number-2">Number 2</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2#info-and-geturl">info and geturl</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2#openers-and-handlers">Openers and Handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2#id5">Basic Authentication</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2#proxies">Proxies</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2#sockets-and-layers">Sockets and Layers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/urllib2#footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse">Argparse Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse#concepts">Concepts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse#the-basics">The basics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse#introducing-positional-arguments">Introducing Positional arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse#introducing-optional-arguments">Introducing Optional arguments</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse#short-options">Short options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse#combining-positional-and-optional-arguments">Combining Positional and Optional arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse#getting-a-little-more-advanced">Getting a little more advanced</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse#specifying-ambiguous-arguments">Specifying ambiguous arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse#conflicting-options">Conflicting options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse#how-to-translate-the-argparse-output">How to translate the argparse output</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/argparse#conclusion">Conclusion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress">An introduction to the ipaddress module</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress#creating-address-network-interface-objects">Creating Address/Network/Interface objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress#a-note-on-ip-versions">A Note on IP Versions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress#ip-host-addresses">IP Host Addresses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress#defining-networks">Defining Networks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress#host-interfaces">Host Interfaces</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress#inspecting-address-network-interface-objects">Inspecting Address/Network/Interface Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress#networks-as-lists-of-addresses">Networks as lists of Addresses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress#comparisons">Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress#using-ip-addresses-with-other-modules">Using IP Addresses with other modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/ipaddress#getting-more-detail-when-instance-creation-fails">Getting more detail when instance creation fails</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/instrumentation">Instrumenting CPython with DTrace and SystemTap</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/instrumentation#enabling-the-static-markers">Enabling the static markers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/instrumentation#static-dtrace-probes">Static DTrace probes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/instrumentation#static-systemtap-markers">Static SystemTap markers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/instrumentation#available-static-markers">Available static markers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/instrumentation#systemtap-tapsets">SystemTap Tapsets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/instrumentation#examples">Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/perf_profiling">Python support for the Linux <code>perf</code> profiler</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/perf_profiling#how-to-enable-perf-profiling-support">How to enable <code>perf</code> profiling support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/perf_profiling#how-to-obtain-the-best-results">How to obtain the best results</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/annotations">Annotations Best Practices</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/annotations#accessing-the-annotations-dict-of-an-object-in-python-3-10-and-newer">Accessing The Annotations Dict Of An Object In Python 3.10 And Newer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/annotations#accessing-the-annotations-dict-of-an-object-in-python-3-9-and-older">Accessing The Annotations Dict Of An Object In Python 3.9 And Older</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/annotations#manually-un-stringizing-stringized-annotations">Manually Un-Stringizing Stringized Annotations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/annotations#best-practices-for-annotations-in-any-python-version">Best Practices For <code>__annotations__</code> In Any Python Version</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/annotations#annotations-quirks"><code>__annotations__</code> Quirks</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions">Isolating Extension Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#who-should-read-this">Who should read this</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#background">Background</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#enter-per-module-state">Enter Per-Module State</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#isolated-module-objects">Isolated Module Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#surprising-edge-cases">Surprising Edge Cases</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#making-modules-safe-with-multiple-interpreters">Making Modules Safe with Multiple Interpreters</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#managing-global-state">Managing Global State</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#managing-per-module-state">Managing Per-Module State</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#opt-out-limiting-to-one-module-object-per-process">Opt-Out: Limiting to One Module Object per Process</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#module-state-access-from-functions">Module State Access from Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#heap-types">Heap Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#changing-static-types-to-heap-types">Changing Static Types to Heap Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#defining-heap-types">Defining Heap Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#garbage-collection-protocol">Garbage-Collection Protocol</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#tp-traverse-in-python-3-8-and-lower"><code>tp_traverse</code> in Python 3.8 and lower</a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#delegating-tp-traverse">Delegating <code>tp_traverse</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#defining-tp-dealloc">Defining <code>tp_dealloc</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#not-overriding-tp-free">Not overriding <code>tp_free</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#avoiding-pyobject-new">Avoiding <code>PyObject_New</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#module-state-access-from-classes">Module State Access from Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#module-state-access-from-regular-methods">Module State Access from Regular Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#module-state-access-from-slot-methods-getters-and-setters">Module State Access from Slot Methods, Getters and Setters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#lifetime-of-the-module-state">Lifetime of the Module State</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3">
<a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#open-issues">Open Issues</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#per-class-scope">Per-Class Scope</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="howto/isolating-extensions#lossless-conversion-to-heap-types">Lossless Conversion to Heap Types</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="faq/index">Python Frequently Asked Questions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="faq/general">General Python FAQ</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/general#general-information">General Information</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/general#python-in-the-real-world">Python in the real world</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming">Programming FAQ</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming#general-questions">General Questions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming#core-language">Core Language</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming#numbers-and-strings">Numbers and strings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming#performance">Performance</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming#sequences-tuples-lists">Sequences (Tuples/Lists)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming#objects">Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/programming#modules">Modules</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="faq/design">Design and History FAQ</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-does-python-use-indentation-for-grouping-of-statements">Why does Python use indentation for grouping of statements?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-am-i-getting-strange-results-with-simple-arithmetic-operations">Why am I getting strange results with simple arithmetic operations?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-are-floating-point-calculations-so-inaccurate">Why are floating-point calculations so inaccurate?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-are-python-strings-immutable">Why are Python strings immutable?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-must-self-be-used-explicitly-in-method-definitions-and-calls">Why must ‘self’ be used explicitly in method definitions and calls?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-can-t-i-use-an-assignment-in-an-expression">Why can’t I use an assignment in an expression?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-does-python-use-methods-for-some-functionality-e-g-list-index-but-functions-for-other-e-g-len-list">Why does Python use methods for some functionality (e.g. list.index()) but functions for other (e.g. len(list))?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-is-join-a-string-method-instead-of-a-list-or-tuple-method">Why is join() a string method instead of a list or tuple method?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#how-fast-are-exceptions">How fast are exceptions?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-isn-t-there-a-switch-or-case-statement-in-python">Why isn’t there a switch or case statement in Python?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#can-t-you-emulate-threads-in-the-interpreter-instead-of-relying-on-an-os-specific-thread-implementation">Can’t you emulate threads in the interpreter instead of relying on an OS-specific thread implementation?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-can-t-lambda-expressions-contain-statements">Why can’t lambda expressions contain statements?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#can-python-be-compiled-to-machine-code-c-or-some-other-language">Can Python be compiled to machine code, C or some other language?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#how-does-python-manage-memory">How does Python manage memory?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-doesn-t-cpython-use-a-more-traditional-garbage-collection-scheme">Why doesn’t CPython use a more traditional garbage collection scheme?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-isn-t-all-memory-freed-when-cpython-exits">Why isn’t all memory freed when CPython exits?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-are-there-separate-tuple-and-list-data-types">Why are there separate tuple and list data types?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#how-are-lists-implemented-in-cpython">How are lists implemented in CPython?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#how-are-dictionaries-implemented-in-cpython">How are dictionaries implemented in CPython?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-must-dictionary-keys-be-immutable">Why must dictionary keys be immutable?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-doesn-t-list-sort-return-the-sorted-list">Why doesn’t list.sort() return the sorted list?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#how-do-you-specify-and-enforce-an-interface-spec-in-python">How do you specify and enforce an interface spec in Python?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-is-there-no-goto">Why is there no goto?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-can-t-raw-strings-r-strings-end-with-a-backslash">Why can’t raw strings (r-strings) end with a backslash?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-doesn-t-python-have-a-with-statement-for-attribute-assignments">Why doesn’t Python have a “with” statement for attribute assignments?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-don-t-generators-support-the-with-statement">Why don’t generators support the with statement?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-are-colons-required-for-the-if-while-def-class-statements">Why are colons required for the if/while/def/class statements?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/design#why-does-python-allow-commas-at-the-end-of-lists-and-tuples">Why does Python allow commas at the end of lists and tuples?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="faq/library">Library and Extension FAQ</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/library#general-library-questions">General Library Questions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/library#common-tasks">Common tasks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/library#threads">Threads</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/library#input-and-output">Input and Output</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/library#network-internet-programming">Network/Internet Programming</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/library#databases">Databases</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/library#mathematics-and-numerics">Mathematics and Numerics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending">Extending/Embedding FAQ</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending#can-i-create-my-own-functions-in-c">Can I create my own functions in C?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending#id1">Can I create my own functions in C++?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending#writing-c-is-hard-are-there-any-alternatives">Writing C is hard; are there any alternatives?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending#how-can-i-execute-arbitrary-python-statements-from-c">How can I execute arbitrary Python statements from C?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending#how-can-i-evaluate-an-arbitrary-python-expression-from-c">How can I evaluate an arbitrary Python expression from C?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending#how-do-i-extract-c-values-from-a-python-object">How do I extract C values from a Python object?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending#how-do-i-use-py-buildvalue-to-create-a-tuple-of-arbitrary-length">How do I use Py_BuildValue() to create a tuple of arbitrary length?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending#how-do-i-call-an-object-s-method-from-c">How do I call an object’s method from C?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending#how-do-i-catch-the-output-from-pyerr-print-or-anything-that-prints-to-stdout-stderr">How do I catch the output from PyErr_Print() (or anything that prints to stdout/stderr)?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending#how-do-i-access-a-module-written-in-python-from-c">How do I access a module written in Python from C?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending#how-do-i-interface-to-c-objects-from-python">How do I interface to C++ objects from Python?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending#i-added-a-module-using-the-setup-file-and-the-make-fails-why">I added a module using the Setup file and the make fails; why?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending#how-do-i-debug-an-extension">How do I debug an extension?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending#i-want-to-compile-a-python-module-on-my-linux-system-but-some-files-are-missing-why">I want to compile a Python module on my Linux system, but some files are missing. Why?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending#how-do-i-tell-incomplete-input-from-invalid-input">How do I tell “incomplete input” from “invalid input”?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending#how-do-i-find-undefined-g-symbols-builtin-new-or-pure-virtual">How do I find undefined g++ symbols __builtin_new or __pure_virtual?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/extending#can-i-create-an-object-class-with-some-methods-implemented-in-c-and-others-in-python-e-g-through-inheritance">Can I create an object class with some methods implemented in C and others in Python (e.g. through inheritance)?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows">Python on Windows FAQ</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows#how-do-i-run-a-python-program-under-windows">How do I run a Python program under Windows?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows#how-do-i-make-python-scripts-executable">How do I make Python scripts executable?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows#why-does-python-sometimes-take-so-long-to-start">Why does Python sometimes take so long to start?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows#how-do-i-make-an-executable-from-a-python-script">How do I make an executable from a Python script?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows#is-a-pyd-file-the-same-as-a-dll">Is a <code>*.pyd</code> file the same as a DLL?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows#how-can-i-embed-python-into-a-windows-application">How can I embed Python into a Windows application?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows#how-do-i-keep-editors-from-inserting-tabs-into-my-python-source">How do I keep editors from inserting tabs into my Python source?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows#how-do-i-check-for-a-keypress-without-blocking">How do I check for a keypress without blocking?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/windows#how-do-i-solve-the-missing-api-ms-win-crt-runtime-l1-1-0-dll-error">How do I solve the missing api-ms-win-crt-runtime-l1-1-0.dll error?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="faq/gui">Graphic User Interface FAQ</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/gui#general-gui-questions">General GUI Questions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/gui#what-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python">What GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/gui#tkinter-questions">Tkinter questions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
<a class="reference internal" href="faq/installed">“Why is Python Installed on my Computer?” FAQ</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/installed#what-is-python">What is Python?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/installed#why-is-python-installed-on-my-machine">Why is Python installed on my machine?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="faq/installed#can-i-delete-python">Can I delete Python?</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="about">About these documents</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="about#contributors-to-the-python-documentation">Contributors to the Python Documentation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1">
<a class="reference internal" href="bugs">Dealing with Bugs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bugs#documentation-bugs">Documentation bugs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bugs#using-the-python-issue-tracker">Using the Python issue tracker</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bugs#getting-started-contributing-to-python-yourself">Getting started contributing to Python yourself</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1">
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<a class="reference internal" href="license#terms-and-conditions-for-accessing-or-otherwise-using-python">Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license#psf-license-agreement-for-python-release">PSF LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 3.12.1</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license#beopen-com-license-agreement-for-python-2-0">BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license#cnri-license-agreement-for-python-1-6-1">CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license#cwi-license-agreement-for-python-0-9-0-through-1-2">CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="license#zero-clause-bsd-license-for-code-in-the-python-release-documentation">ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON 3.12.1 DOCUMENTATION</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2">
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